{"id":883,"date":"2015-04-10T15:16:16","date_gmt":"2015-04-10T12:16:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/marx-21.net\/?p=883"},"modified":"2015-04-10T16:50:20","modified_gmt":"2015-04-10T13:50:20","slug":"isci-sinifinin-degisen-yuzu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/?p=883","title":{"rendered":"\u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n De\u011fi\u015fen Y\u00fcz\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"

H.M. \u00c7elebio\u011flu’nun Marx21’in 6. say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan makalesi..
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

\"cagri-merkezi_web\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Her beyaz yakal\u0131 \u201cbeyaz T\u00fcrk\u201d de\u011fildir<\/h2>\n

AKP ve Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n dengesini ve ezberini bozan Gezi Eylemleri \u201cbe\u015f benzemez\u201d diye tabir edilen toplumsal muhalefet unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getirdi ve bunlar aras\u0131nda belli bir diyalog ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci ba\u015flatt\u0131. Erdo\u011fan ve ekibi \u015fimdiye kadar Gezi eylemlerine kat\u0131lanlara \u00e7amur at\u0131p hareketin toplumsal temellerini oymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\/\u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Her ne kadar \u015fu anda Gezi\u2019nin bir \u201cparalel darbe giri\u015fimi\u201d oldu\u011fu \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lsa da ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Erdo\u011fan ve G\u00fclen daha kankayken Gezi\u2019ye kat\u0131lanlara \u201cmarjinal\u201d, \u201crahat\u0131 yerinde, can\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6\u011frenci \u00e7ocuklar\u201d ve \u201czengin orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d yaftalar\u0131 yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmetin ve borazanlar\u0131n\u0131n iddia etti\u011fi gibi Gezi\u2019nin kompozisyonu hi\u00e7 de \u00f6\u011frenci a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 de\u011fildi. Parka ve genel olarak eylemlere kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan insanlard\u0131.\u00a0Bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi g\u00f6ren baz\u0131 yorumcular Gezi\u2019ye kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n zengin, beyaz yakal\u0131 orta s\u0131n\u0131f \u00fcyeleri oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi ve bu, muhalefet cephesinde de yank\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 buluyor.<\/p>\n

Ekonominin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi, sanayinin gerilemesiyle birlikte art\u0131k i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6neminin kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 inan\u0131\u015f\u0131 ciddi politik ve \u00f6rg\u00fctsel sorunlar\u0131 do\u011furuyor. Kapitalizmin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 alternatifler aran\u0131rken \u00e7\u0131kmaz sokaklara d\u00fc\u015fme tehlikesi kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Bu riski do\u011furan en \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6rlerden birisi Gezi\u2019nin de \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan beyaz yakal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131fsal konumlar\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f tespit edilmesidir.<\/p>\n

\u0130ddia edilenin aksine beyaz yakal\u0131 denilen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ve onlar\u0131n ekonomik ve politik konumlar\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcden, bask\u0131dan tamamen kurtulma yollar\u0131 da mavi yakal\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fda\u015flar\u0131yla ayn\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gezi: Zengin, beyaz T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011frencilerin isyan\u0131?<\/h4>\n

Gezi\u2019nin \u201cbeyaz T\u00fcrk\/zengin\/\u00f6\u011frenci\u201d isyan\u0131 oldu\u011fu inan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ersizli\u011fini ortaya koyan birtak\u0131m saha ve anket \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bunlar i\u00e7inde ikisi \u00f6zellikle dikkat \u00e7ekici: Birincisi KONDA\u2019n\u0131n Gezi Eylemleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda parkta ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ankete dayal\u0131 raporu[1]<\/span>. \u0130kincisi ise SAMER\u2019in 2013\u2019\u00fcn Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda \u0130stanbul ve \u0130zmir\u2019de Erdem Y\u00f6r\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn koordinat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anket \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131.[2]<\/span><\/p>\n

KONDA\u2019n\u0131n raporuna g\u00f6re park kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015f ortalamas\u0131 28. KONDA\u2019n\u0131n her ay T\u00fcrkiye \u00e7ap\u0131nda d\u00fczenli y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anket \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 (ki buna KONDA Barometresi deniyor) sonucunda T\u00fcrkiye n\u00fcfusunun ya\u015f ortalamas\u0131 30,3; \u0130stanbul\u2019unki 30,1. Her ne kadar park kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015f ortalamas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130stanbul\u2019unkilere g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olsa da onlardan alakas\u0131z bir \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck de\u011fil. Kald\u0131 ki bu ya\u015f ortalamas\u0131 liseli olamayacak kadar y\u00fcksek; \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencileri aras\u0131nda 20\u2019li ya\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sonunda olanlar olsa da bunlar\u0131n ezici bir k\u0131sm\u0131 20\u2019li ya\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda olur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla her \u015feyden \u00f6nce bu ya\u015f ortalamas\u0131na bakarak \u015funu net bir \u015fekilde s\u00f6yleyebiliriz: Park eylemcilerinin \u00e7o\u011fu hi\u00e7 de \u201ccan\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, heyecan arayan ergenler\u201d de\u011fil; ekonomik olarak aktif n\u00fcfus i\u00e7inde (do\u011frudan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar ve i\u015fsizler) yer alan insanlar.<\/p>\n

\n

Dahas\u0131 20 ya\u015f ve alt\u0131 n\u00fcfus grubu T\u00fcrkiye genelinde toplam n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 33\u2019\u00fc olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re eylemlere kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n sadece y\u00fczde 22\u2019si bu ya\u015f grubunu olu\u015fturmu\u015f. 17 ya\u015f ve alt\u0131 Gezi Park\u0131\u2019na gelen toplam eylemci say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131nsa y\u00fczde 5,5\u2019ini olu\u015fturmu\u015f. 18-25 ya\u015f grubu ise toplam eylemci say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 16,5\u2019i olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f. B\u00f6ylelikle Gezi Park\u0131\u2019na gelen gen\u00e7lerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun liseliler ya da \u00fcniversitenin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki gen\u00e7ler olu\u015fturmuyor diyebiliriz.[3]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Park eylemcilerinin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n gen\u00e7 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlardan olu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz: \u201cParka gelen toplam eylemci say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 30,8\u2019ini 21-25 ya\u015f grubu, y\u00fczde 20,3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc ise 26-30 ya\u015f grubu olu\u015fturmu\u015f<\/em>\u201d [4]<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Gezi Park\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu 30 ya\u015f alt\u0131 grubun olu\u015fturdu\u011fu do\u011frudur. Ancak bu, fazla detay bar\u0131nd\u0131rmayan bir genellemedir ve parka gelen gen\u00e7li\u011fin niteli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda bilgi i\u00e7ermemektedir. Parka gelen gen\u00e7lerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu lise \u00f6\u011frencileri ya da \u00fcniversitenin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki insanlar de\u011fil \u00fcniversitenin son y\u0131llar\u0131nda, mezun ya da i\u015f hayat\u0131na nispeten yeni at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f insanlar olu\u015fturmu\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r (Bu gruba elbette lise mezunu olup \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar da dahildir).<\/p>\n

\u2026<\/p>\n

Konda verilerine g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n s\u0131ras\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130stanbul n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 i\u00e7indeki da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 y\u00fczde 40,8 ve 40,3 iken parka gelenlerin 51,8\u2019i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015f.[5]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Bu son c\u00fcmle \u00fczerine \u015funu ekleyelim: \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyenlerin hepsi \u00f6\u011frenci de\u011fildi. \u0130\u00e7lerinde \u00f6nemli bir i\u015fsiz kesiminin ve az olmakla birlikte emekli ve ev kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funu unutmamak gerekiyor. Parktakilerin y\u00fczde 37\u2019sinin \u00f6\u011frenci oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.[6]<\/span><\/p>\n

Gelelim \u201czengin, beyaz T\u00fcrk\u201d palavras\u0131na: \u00d6ncelikle eylemlere kat\u0131lanlar aras\u0131nda da zaman zaman ya\u015fanan \u201cK\u00fcrtler niye burada yok\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 hayli yersizdir. Zira her ne kadar eylemlerde K\u00fcrt siyasi hareketi kurumsal olarak \u00e7ok g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmasa da K\u00fcrtler bireysel d\u00fczeyde eylemlere kat\u0131ld\u0131. SAMER\u2019in ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n koordinat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcstlenen Erdem Y\u00f6r\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn ifadesiyle \u201cK\u00fcrtlerin \u0130stanbul ve \u0130zmir\u2019de n\u00fcfusa oran\u0131 %15.04, Gezi eylemcileri i\u00e7indeki oran\u0131 %13.68\u2019dir<\/em>\u201d [7]<\/span> Yani n\u00fcfus i\u00e7indeki paylar\u0131yla orant\u0131l\u0131 bir kat\u0131l\u0131m sergilemi\u015fler.<\/p>\n

Kald\u0131 ki ister K\u00fcrt olsun ister T\u00fcrk Gezi kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 hi\u00e7 de \u00f6yle zengin, hali vakti yerinde \u201cbeyaz\u201dlar de\u011fil: \u201c\u0130stanbul\u2019da Gezi\u2019ye kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n % 9,48\u2019inin ayl\u0131k toplam hane geliri 1000 TL\u2019nin alt\u0131nda, % 28,68\u2019inin 1500 TL\u2019nin alt\u0131nda, % 57,61\u2019inin 2500 TL\u2019nin alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Gezi protestocular\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca % 16,46\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n ayl\u0131k hane geliri 5000 TL\u2019nin \u00fczerindedir. Gezi protestocular\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 35,5\u2019i sanayi, in\u015faat, tekstil, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, lokantac\u0131l\u0131k ve ula\u015f\u0131m ve ba\u015fka d\u00fczensiz faaliyetlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r ve bu kesimdekilerin y\u00fczde 60\u2019\u0131n\u0131n ayl\u0131k maa\u015f\u0131 1600 TL\u2019nin alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Protestocular\u0131n % 31,2\u2019si reklamc\u0131l\u0131k, finans, akademi, sigorta, e\u011fitim, kamu sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, edebiyat, sa\u011fl\u0131k, STK, emlak gibi alanlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu ikinci gruptakilerin ortalama maa\u015flar\u0131 2421 TL\u2019dir ve % 50\u2019sinin ayl\u0131k maa\u015f\u0131 ise 2000 TL\u2019nin alt\u0131ndad\u0131r<\/em>\u201d [8]<\/span> Bu rakamlara g\u00f6z atarken ilk verilen gelir rakamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u201chane geliri\u201d oldu\u011funu; yani bu sorulara cevap veren insanlar\u0131n bireysel de\u011fil toplam gelirlerini (e\u015f veya ana-baban\u0131nkiler de dahil) s\u00f6ylediklerini ak\u0131ldan \u00e7\u0131karmam\u0131z gerekiyor.<\/p>\n

Buradan hareketle \u015fu ifadeyi kabul etmemek i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir neden yok: \u201c\u2018Gezi\u2019yi destekleyenler elit, Gezi\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 olanlar halkt\u0131r\u2019 \u015feklindeki AKP arg\u00fcman\u0131 do\u011fru de\u011fildir. \u0130ki grup aras\u0131nda ciddi bir gelir fark\u0131 yoktur<\/em>\u201d [9]<\/span><\/p>\n

Sanayi bitti, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 bitti (?)<\/h4>\n

Gezi\u2019yle birlikte tekrar g\u00fcndeme gelen \u201corta s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d ve onun yeni politik y\u00f6nelimleri mitolojisi sadece hayal d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ge\u00e7erli olabilecek bir fantezi.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ncelikle \u201corta s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d tan\u0131mlamas\u0131 liberal\/muhafazakar sosyologlar\u0131n ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kavramd\u0131r. Bunlar s\u0131n\u0131f kavram\u0131n\u0131 allak bullak edecek \u015fekilde farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde ele almaktalar. Kimisi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, meslek grubu olarak de\u011ferlendirirken, ba\u015fkalar\u0131 toplumsal stat\u00fc \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131yor; ama en \u00e7ok da toplumu elde edilen gelir \u00fczerinden s\u0131n\u0131flara ay\u0131rmaya kalk\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Bu kesimlerce \u201corta s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d\u0131n i\u00e7ine Marksist literat\u00fcrde \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva\u201d olarak de\u011ferlendirilen esnaf, KOB\u0130ler, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak sahipleri ile \u015fimdilerde beyaz yakal\u0131 (ve hatta son zamanlarda \u201calt\u0131n yakal\u0131\u201d) denilen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar giriyor: Doktor, avukat, m\u00fchendis, \u00f6\u011fretmen, akademisyen, hem\u015fire, devlet memuru, vb. Bu grupland\u0131rmada sadece mavi yakal\u0131, sanayi emek\u00e7ileri i\u015f\u00e7i olarak kabul ediliyor. Bu son kesim \u201calt s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d\u0131n \u00fcyeleri olarak kabul ediliyor. Dikkat edilirse burada s\u0131n\u0131f tan\u0131mlamas\u0131nda kriter olarak hem elde edilen gelir, hem de meslek kullan\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Liberal\/muhafazakar kesimin beyaz yakal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n istisnas\u0131z hepsini orta s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7uval\u0131na t\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 muhalif cepheyi de etkileyen bir kavray\u0131\u015f. Buna g\u00f6re sanayinin gerilemesiyle birlikte i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n hem ekonomik hem de politik etkinli\u011fi azal\u0131yor; sendika, grev, eylem, sol-sosyalist \u00f6rg\u00fct gibi i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n klasik ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k t\u00fckenme safhas\u0131na ge\u00e7ti\u011fi varsay\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Liberal\/muhafazakar ideologlar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu propagandan\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 temellerden birisi kafa ve kol eme\u011fi ayr\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re i\u015f\u00e7i denince akla sadece bir karikat\u00fcr getirilir: Fabrikada mavi tulumu i\u00e7inde, y\u00fcz\u00fc g\u00f6z\u00fc motor ya\u011f\u0131na bulanm\u0131\u015f, elinde \u0130ngiliz anahtar\u0131, kal\u0131n b\u0131y\u0131kl\u0131, kasl\u0131, erkek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan. \u201cMavi yakal\u0131\u201d i\u015f\u00e7i, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonraki fordist d\u00f6nemin tipik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131d\u0131r. Ekonominin motoru imalat sanayisidir. Mavi yakal\u0131lar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 da toplam istihdam i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 da 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonuna kadar artma e\u011filimindedir.<\/p>\n

Ancak 1980\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n teknolojik at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla birlikte bu durumun de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi varsay\u0131l\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de devam etti\u011fi \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen yeni \u201cpost-end\u00fcstriyel\u201d d\u00f6nemde, ekonomisi belli bir olgunlu\u011fa eri\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler art\u0131k imalatla u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131yor. Bat\u0131daki fabrikalar s\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcp do\u011fuya ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131yor. Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkeler daha fazla gelir sa\u011flayan AR-GE ve bilgi teknolojilerine dayal\u0131 hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131yor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerde sanayinin \u00f6nemi azal\u0131rken hizmetler kategorisinde ele al\u0131nan ekonomik faaliyetlerin pay\u0131 g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e art\u0131yor. \u201cSanayisizle\u015fme<\/em>\u201d, \u201ca\u011f\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131z ekonomi<\/em>\u201d, \u201cpost-end\u00fcstriyel\/post-fordist<\/em>\u201d gibi isimler tak\u0131lan, \u00f6nce Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerde ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilen bu s\u00fcrecin belli bir geli\u015fme a\u015famas\u0131na eri\u015fmi\u015f b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerde de g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi varsay\u0131l\u0131yor. Son olarak bu yeni d\u00f6nemin tipik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 ise esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda bilgisayar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, e\u011fitimli, bireyci, g\u00f6steri\u015f\u00e7i t\u00fcketim e\u011filimi sergileyen, \u201corta s\u0131n\u0131f beyaz yakal\u0131<\/em>\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan.<\/p>\n

Yine iddiaya g\u00f6re geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde imalat\u0131n gerilemesi ve \u201chizmetler\u201d grubunda kabul edilen ekonomik faaliyetlerin pay\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131yla birlikte i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik ve politik g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia ediliyor.<\/p>\n

Tar\u0131m\u0131n ekonomi ve istihdam i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 zaten sanayile\u015fme s\u00fcreciyle azal\u0131r. Her ne kadar geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde tar\u0131m \u201ci\u015fsiz emen sekt\u00f6r\u201d oldu\u011fundan (i\u015fsiz kalan baba topra\u011f\u0131na ko\u015far) tar\u0131msal istihdam hala fazlad\u0131r. Bu, \u00f6zellikle T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in do\u011frudur. Ancak tar\u0131msal istihdam\u0131n ciddi bir k\u0131sm\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak sahipli\u011fi ve \u00fccretsiz aile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 \u015feklinde tezah\u00fcr etti\u011finden ve ger\u00e7ek k\u0131r i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u00f6nemlice bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n 1950\u2019lerden ba\u015flayarak \u015fehirlere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesinden dolay\u0131 tar\u0131m\u0131 bir kenara b\u0131rak\u0131p sanayi \u00fczerinden konu\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ncelikle geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde bahsedilen \u201csanayisizle\u015fme\u201d olgusu oldu\u011fundan fazla abart\u0131l\u0131yor. Sanayinin[*]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> toplam milli gelir ve istihdam i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde d\u00fc\u015fme e\u011filiminde oldu\u011fu do\u011frudur. \u00d6rne\u011fin sanayi devriminin ana vatan\u0131 Britanya\u2019da sanayinin toplam sivil (askerlik hizmeti d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar) istihdam i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 1979\u2019da y\u00fczde 38,6 iken, 1999\u2019da y\u00fczde 25,8\u2019e ve 2009\u2019da da y\u00fczde 19,6\u2019ya d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc ABD\u2019de ise bu oranlar 1979\u2019da y\u00fczde 31,2, 1999\u2019da y\u00fczde 23 ve 2002\u2019de y\u00fczde 22,4 oldu. Almanya\u2019n\u0131n rakamlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle: 1980\u2019de y\u00fczde 43.6, 1999\u2019da y\u00fczde 34,1 ve 2009\u2019da y\u00fczde 29,3 [10]<\/span>. Di\u011fer geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde de benzer bir e\u011filimi g\u00f6zlemlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n

Sanayile\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde sanayi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n mutlak say\u0131s\u0131nda da bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funu veya en az\u0131ndan bir art\u0131\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. \u00d6rne\u011fin Almanya\u2019da 1980\u2019de sanayide \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n (i\u015fyeri sahipleri de dahil) say\u0131s\u0131 11 milyon 592 binken 2009\u2019da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir azal\u0131\u015fla 11 milyon 221 bin olmu\u015f; en dramatik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f belki de \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f: 1979\u2019da 9 milyon 693 binden 2009\u2019da 5 milyon 623 bine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f.[11]<\/span><\/p>\n

Buna kar\u015f\u0131n sanayile\u015fmi\u015f d\u00fcnyada sanayinin \u00f6nemini yitirdi\u011fini iddia etmek sa\u00e7mal\u0131ktan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fil. Bunu bu \u00fclkelerin emek verimlili\u011fi ve toplam sanayi (\u00f6zellikle imalat) \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya seren rakamlardan g\u00f6zlemleyebiliriz. Sanayide \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n toplam i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 azalsa da teknolojik yenilikler sayesinde eme\u011fin verimlili\u011fi[\u2020]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in toplam s\u0131nai \u00fcretim art\u0131yor. Sanayi istihdam\u0131 en \u00e7ok azalan \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ekonominin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcnde 2013\u2019te ortalama i\u015f\u00e7i verimlili\u011fi 1979\u2019un yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,86 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karken, esas art\u0131\u015f imalat sanayinde g\u00f6ze \u00e7arp\u0131yor: 2013\u2019\u00fcn imalattaki ortalama verimlili\u011fi 1979\u2019un yakla\u015f\u0131k 2,7 kat\u0131.[12]<\/span> \u0130ngiltere\u2019de sanayide \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya azalm\u0131\u015f olsa da \u00fclke eskiye g\u00f6re daha fazla s\u0131nai mal\u0131 \u00fcretiyor. Bunu \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin toplam imalat \u00fcretimi rakamlar\u0131nda da g\u00f6rebiliyoruz: 1978\u2019den 2013\u2019e y\u00fczde 10\u2019luk bir art\u0131\u015f.[13]<\/span> Toplam imalat \u00fcretiminde daha \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 art\u0131\u015f Almanya\u2019da g\u00f6zlemleniyor. Sadece son 19 y\u0131lda Alman toplam imalat \u00fcretimi yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 44 artm\u0131\u015f.[14]<\/span><\/p>\n

ABD sanayi \u00fcretiminde de ayn\u0131 e\u011filimi g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn:<\/p>\n

\n

\u0130malatta istihdam\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k alt\u0131da birinin kayb\u0131yla birlikte sanayide yo\u011fun bir rasyonalizasyona neden olan 2001-2 daralmas\u0131ndan sonra bile end\u00fcstriyel i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kalkmas\u0131 hi\u00e7 de s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildi. 2007\u2019de sanayi \u00fcretimi 2000\u2019dekinden y\u00fczde 8 ve 1996\u2019dakinden y\u00fczde 30 y\u00fcksekti.[15]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Kald\u0131 ki 2007\u2019de bir de kriz ya\u015fayan ABD kapitalizmi sanayideki \u00fcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 hala devam ettirebiliyor. 2014 toplam sanayi \u00fcretimi, 2007\u2019ninkinden yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 4 daha fazla.[16]<\/span><\/p>\n

Chris Harman kendisinin aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ABD\u2019nin sanayi verilerine bakarak \u015funu ekliyor: \u201c\u0130malat sanayinin tamamen \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmesine ra\u011fmen d\u00fcnya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n be\u015fte biriyle (15 devletin \u00fcye oldu\u011fu eski Avrupa Birli\u011fi toplu olarak d\u00f6rtte birle birinciydi) ABD, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck tekil imalat merkezi olarak kalm\u0131\u015ft<\/em>\u0131\u201d.[17]<\/span><\/p>\n

Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde fabrikalar\u0131n s\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcp \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc D\u00fcnya\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131\/ta\u015f\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 yalan\u0131n\u0131n gerisinde d\u00fc\u015fen kar oranlar\u0131yla birlikte d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde uygulanan neo-liberal politikalar ve onunla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak bat\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7isini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlere ve sosyal haklara ikna etme derdi var.<\/p>\n

Kald\u0131 ki geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerin \u00e7o\u011funda sanayinin ekonomi ve istihdam i\u00e7indeki paylar\u0131nda \u00f6yle ciddi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fler ya\u015fanm\u0131yor. \u00dcstelik bu \u00fclkelerde h\u0131zl\u0131 n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131na paralel olarak toplam i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc miktar\u0131nda ciddi art\u0131\u015flar var. Ancak bir yandan teknolojinin geli\u015fmesi, bir yandan da bu \u00fclkelerde seyyar sat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k gibi kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131-marjinal ekonomik faaliyetlerin istihdam pay\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fini korumas\u0131 sanayinin toplam i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok fazla artmas\u0131n\u0131 engelliyor. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n bu \u00fclkelerde sanayinin ekonomideki ve istihdamdaki pay\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini (en k\u00f6t\u00fc ihtimalle) korudu\u011funu rahat\u00e7a s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. \u00d6rne\u011fin OECD\u2019nin verilerine g\u00f6re 1979\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 15,581 milyon ki\u015finin 3,189 milyonu sanayi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde (in\u015faat da dahil) \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken (yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 20,4), bu say\u0131lar 1999\u2019da toplam 21,546 milyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve sanayi istihdam\u0131 4,468 milyon (yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 20,7) oldu.[18]<\/span> T\u00fcrkiye \u0130statistik Kurumu\u2019nun (T\u00dc\u0130K) verilerine g\u00f6re ise 2005\u2019te toplam 19,633 milyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n 4,241 milyonu sanayi, 1,097 milyonu in\u015faatta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f. Bu ikisinin birlikte i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 27,2 olmu\u015f. 2013\u2019te ise toplam 24,601 milyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n 5,101 milyonu sanayide, 1,768 milyonu in\u015faatta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f. Bunlar\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131n\u0131n da y\u00fczde 27,9\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.[19]<\/span> Yani T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de in\u015faat da dahil sanayinin hem pay\u0131 hem de mutlak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131s\u0131 artm\u0131\u015f. Ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 2013\u2019teki toplam sanayi \u00fcretimi, 1986\u2019n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 3,2 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f.[20]<\/span><\/p>\n

Velhas\u0131l sanayi istihdam\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc do\u011fru. Ancak bunun nedeni art\u0131k bu \u00fclkelerin mal \u00fcretmeyi b\u0131rak\u0131p sadece ak\u0131l-fikir \u00fcretmeye konsantre olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, sanayide ya\u015fanan teknolojik geli\u015fmelerin eme\u011fin verimlili\u011fini inan\u0131lmaz boyutlarda art\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece eskiden 4-5 i\u015f\u00e7inin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015ften daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f bir makine ba\u015f\u0131nda tek bir i\u015f\u00e7inin yapmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn hale geldi. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla binlerce i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sanayi komplekslerinin say\u0131s\u0131 azald\u0131. Ancak sanayideki mavi yakal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn sona erdi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek i\u00e7in hen\u00fcz \u00e7ok erken.<\/p>\n

Beyaz yakal\u0131lar\u0131n ait oldu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131f<\/h4>\n

Beyaz yakal\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131fsal mensubiyeti konusuna Marksist literat\u00fcr\u00fcn temelleriyle ba\u015flayal\u0131m. Marx\u2019a g\u00f6re halk veya ulus gibi kavramlar sonradan uydurulmu\u015f, suni kavramlard\u0131r. Onun i\u00e7in esas olan bir insan\u0131n hangi \u0131rktan veya ulustan oldu\u011fu, hangi dili konu\u015ftu\u011fu veya hangi dini cemaate ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu de\u011fil, \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerindeki konumudur. Toplumun veya bir grubun yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen temel de\u011fi\u015fken budur. \u00dcretim g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin ve \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin durumunu alt yap\u0131ya yerle\u015ftirirken di\u011fer t\u00fcm sosyal kurumlar\u0131 \u00fcst yap\u0131 kategorisine sokar. Her ne kadar \u00fcst yap\u0131 kurumlar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimler (yeni yasalar, dini inan\u0131\u015flar veya ba\u015fka t\u00fcr politik\/sosyal de\u011fi\u015fimler) alt yap\u0131da yer alan iktisadi ili\u015fkileri etkilese de esas belirleyici \u00e7o\u011funlukla toplumun\/grubun karn\u0131n\u0131 doyurma \u00e7abalar\u0131 ve bi\u00e7imleridir.<\/p>\n

Marx\u2019a g\u00f6re modern toplum iki ana s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131l\u0131r: \u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n sahibi olan ve\/veya \u00fcretimin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc elinde bulunduran kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f ve maddi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 onun tam kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan \u201cba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u201d i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131. Bu ikili-antagonistik bak\u0131\u015f Marksistlerin t\u00fcm s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumlar\u0131 analiz ederken kulland\u0131klar\u0131 temel ara\u00e7t\u0131r: Roma ve Antik d\u00fcnyada hayat\u0131n gidi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen k\u00f6le sahibi aristokratlarla k\u00f6leler aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadeleyken, feodal d\u00f6neme damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran lordlar (toprak a\u011falar\u0131) \u2013 serfler (marabalar) ayr\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ancak post-modernistlerin i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k bitti\u011fini, onun yerine \u201cbeyaz-alt\u0131n yakal\u0131lar\u201d\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fini iddia ettiklerinden bahsetmi\u015ftik. \u201cSanayisizle\u015fme\u201d safsatalar\u0131yla birlikte \u00fcretilen esnek \u00fcretim modelleri, s\u00f6zde yatay \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ve end\u00fcstri i\u00e7i demokrasi gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli (hi\u00e7 de pembe olmayan) yalanlar \u00fczerinden kapitalist ideologlar var olan e\u015fitsiz toplumsal yap\u0131y\u0131 korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc teknolojinin geli\u015fmesiyle kapitalizmin de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi, eski d\u00f6nem fabrika d\u00fczenine dayal\u0131 fordist \u00fcretim \u015feklinin sona erdi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi \u00fczerinden y\u00fckseliyor.<\/p>\n

Eski d\u00f6nem ve yabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f emek<\/h4>\n

\u201cDe\u011ferin tek kayna\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r; o da emektir<\/em>\u201d; bu s\u00f6zler liberal ekonomi \u00f6\u011fretisinin kurucusu Adam Smith\u2019e ait. O, bu s\u00f6zlerin daha sonra kendisinin temsilcili\u011fini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapitalist d\u00fczene kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lacak bir araca d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olsayd\u0131 herhalde bu kadar a\u00e7\u0131k s\u00f6zl\u00fc olmazd\u0131. Marx, bu s\u00f6z\u00fc ger\u00e7ek anlam\u0131yla kendi d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn merkezine yerle\u015ftirdi ve \u015fu basit soruyu sordu: Madem \u201cde\u011fer\u201din kayna\u011f\u0131 emektir; yani bu d\u00fcnyadaki her \u015feyi emek ve emek sahipleri yarat\u0131r, o zaman kapitalistlerin i\u015fi ne? Neden yarat\u0131c\u0131lar kendi hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 paralayarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 halde s\u0131rf i\u015f mek\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n ve makinelerin (sermayenin) m\u00fclkiyeti veya kontrol\u00fc kapitalistlerde diye kayma\u011f\u0131 onlar yiyor da emek\u00e7ilere sadece en iyi ihtimalle k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131lar kal\u0131yor?<\/p>\n

Nas\u0131l ki Antik Yunan\u2019da daha sonra s\u0131rt\u0131na indirilecek olan k\u0131rbac\u0131 k\u00f6lenin kendisi yap\u0131yorduysa kapitalist d\u00fcnyada da eme\u011fin \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin onlar\u0131 yaratan emek\u00e7iden \u00e7al\u0131n\u0131p ona d\u00fc\u015fman aletler ve makineler haline \u00e7evrilmesi s\u00f6z konusu. Hi\u00e7bir i\u015f\u00e7i, kendisi \u00e7o\u011funlukla ay sonunu g\u00fc\u00e7 bela getirirken \u201caman patronum daha zengin olsun\u201d diyerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz. Ancak onun yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve o olmazsa kesinlikle yarat\u0131lamayacak olan \u00fcr\u00fcnler ondan al\u0131n\u0131r ve \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 sermayeye (\u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 veya onlar\u0131 almaya-kontrol etmeye yarayan finansal sermayeye) \u00e7evrilir. Bu d\u00f6ng\u00fcde modern k\u00f6lenin antik d\u00fcnyadaki atalar\u0131ndan tek fark\u0131 onun \u00fcretti\u011fi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin k\u0131rba\u00e7 zoruyla de\u011fil, i\u015ften atma ve a\u00e7 b\u0131rakma tehdidi zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131yla elinden al\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonunda kendisini \u00f6ld\u00fcren silahlar\u0131, greve \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda polis taraf\u0131ndan kendisine at\u0131lan gaz bombalar\u0131n\u0131 bile i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kendisinin \u00fcretmesi tarihin bir cilvesi de\u011fil, kapitalizm de dahil b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n ortak noktalar\u0131ndan birisi olan ve b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumsal ili\u015fkilere sinmi\u015f olan yabanc\u0131la\u015fma<\/strong>n\u0131n ve yabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f eme\u011fin<\/strong> bir sonucu ve en vahim g\u00f6stergesidir.[\u2021]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Yabanc\u0131la\u015fma hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan bir olgudur. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00f6nceki toplumsal formasyonlarda \u00f6nemli bir konumda olan kom\u015fuluk ve akrabal\u0131k ili\u015fkileri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki \u00f6nemini ciddi boyutta yitirdi. Bunun temel nedeni kapitalizmin durmadan bize a\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cherkes herkesin kurdudur\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131. \u0130nsanlar birbirlerini ortak olarak de\u011fil rakip veya potansiyel d\u00fc\u015fman olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Bu y\u00fczden y\u0131llarca ayn\u0131 apartmanda oturan kar\u015f\u0131 kom\u015fular birbirlerinin ismini bile bilmez hale geliyor. Ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rnek de do\u011fan\u0131n kopmaz par\u00e7as\u0131 ve onsuz ya\u015fayamayacak olan insanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun do\u011fan\u0131n kapitalistlerin kar h\u0131rs\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden yok edilmesine \u00e7o\u011fu zaman fazla ses \u00e7\u0131karmamalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bunu da do\u011fadan yabanc\u0131la\u015fma olarak de\u011ferlendirilebiliriz. Ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn bu ve\u00e7heleri do\u011furan esas kaynak eme\u011fin yabanc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ncelikle i\u015f\u00e7inin kendisinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 aletlere yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 (veya Marx\u2019\u0131n kinayeli bir \u015fekilde belirtti\u011fi gibi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131) s\u00f6z konusudur. \u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131 sayesinde \u201ceski d\u00f6nem\u201din fabrikat\u00f6r\u00fc, i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan, \u00fccretine ve hatta davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na kadar her \u015feye kar\u0131\u015fma hakk\u0131na da sahip oluyor. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde bu sayede \u00fcretim sonunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan emek \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn aslan pay\u0131na da sahip \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Marx\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc dedi\u011fi olay tam da budur.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, Marx\u2019ta yabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f eme\u011fin do\u011furdu\u011fu en \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lardan birisidir. Toplumda egemen olan anlay\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re eme\u011fe sahip i\u015f\u00e7iyle \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip kapitalist aras\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir i\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i eme\u011fini satar, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da kapitalistten \u00fccret al\u0131r. Baz\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli patronlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i, eme\u011finin tam kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak hak etti\u011fi \u00fccreti al\u0131r. Marx, bu anlay\u0131\u015fa temelden kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar:<\/p>\n

\n

S\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 bir toplumda i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcne bakan Marx, iki b\u00f6l\u00fcm g\u00f6rmektedir. Bir b\u00f6l\u00fcmde do\u011frudan \u00fcretici gerekli eme\u011fi harcar. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle kendisinin ve bakmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc oldu\u011fu ki\u015filerin hayatta kalmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretir (…) \u0130\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00fcretici art\u0131-emek harcar. Bu saatlerin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc fiilen i\u015f yapan ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n sahibi taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131n\u0131r.[21]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Bunun anlam\u0131 asl\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7inin kendisinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fccretin tam de\u011ferinin \u00fcst\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Sermayedar, i\u015f\u00e7inin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7iye \u00fccret olarak verirken kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kar ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda cebine indirir. Marksist yaz\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7inin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kendisinden \u00e7al\u0131nan bu ekstraya art\u0131-de\u011fer denilir. Kapitalist s\u0131rf makinelerin sahibi oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7inin do\u011frudan \u00fcretti\u011fi de\u011ferin esas k\u0131sm\u0131na el koyma hakk\u0131n\u0131 kendinde g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu konuda baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u015f\u00f6ylesi itirazlar\u0131 var: Kapitalistle i\u015f\u00e7i birbirini tamamlayan halkalard\u0131r. Patronun i\u015fyeri ve makinesi olmadan i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015famayacak ve a\u00e7 kalacakt\u0131r. \u00dcr\u00fcnlerin \u00fcretilmesinde emek kadar \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 da \u015fartt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Burada bir ad\u0131m geri at\u0131p \u015fu soruyu soral\u0131m: Patronun sahip oldu\u011fu ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00fcretilen de\u011ferin aslan pay\u0131n\u0131 almakta kendisinde hak g\u00f6rmesini sa\u011flayan \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 (makine, te\u00e7hizat) kendisi mi yaratt\u0131? O makineler bir \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemin eme\u011finin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fil mi? Ba\u015fka bir a\u00e7\u0131dan yakla\u015fal\u0131m: \u015eu anda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en geli\u015fmi\u015f makinelerini, bilgisayarlar\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getirelim. E\u011fer ba\u015flar\u0131nda onlar\u0131 kullanacak i\u015f\u00e7iler olmasa o makineler \u00fcretim yapabilir mi? Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bug\u00fcn \u00f6rne\u011fin bir otomobilin yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan yar\u0131 otomatik robotlar, bir \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nem o robotlar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 fabrikalarda ba\u015fka i\u015f\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretildi. Ve tam olarak orijinine inecek olursak t\u00fcm t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131 gibi \u00fcretim mallar\u0131 da eme\u011fin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Makine ve alet-edevat kendi ba\u015f\u0131na bir i\u015fe yaramaz; onlar sadece \u00fcretimde eme\u011fin yard\u0131mc\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla patronlar\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fcretti\u011fi de\u011ferin esas k\u0131sm\u0131na sahip \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131, bir a\u011fan\u0131n serflerin eme\u011finin \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine sahip \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 veya Atinal\u0131 bir k\u00f6le sahibi aristokrat\u0131n k\u00f6le eme\u011fine el koymas\u0131yla ayn\u0131 anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r: S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Marx\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcden anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7inin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret almas\u0131 de\u011fildir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde otomotiv veya petro-kimya sanayinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan mavi yakal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7iler, tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndekilere g\u00f6re nispeten y\u00fcksek \u00fccretler al\u0131rlar. Ancak hepsi de sermaye sahibi patronlar taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Petro-kimyada al\u0131nan y\u00fcksek \u00fccretler bu sekt\u00f6rde yarat\u0131lan de\u011ferin tekstile g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131ndan ve k\u0131smen de \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme d\u00fczeyinin y\u00fcksekli\u011finden kaynaklan\u0131r. Ancak pek \u00e7ok durumda bu y\u00fcksek \u00fccretli sekt\u00f6rlerdeki s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc oranlar\u0131 (patronlar\u0131n el koydu\u011fu art\u0131-de\u011fer oran\u0131) di\u011fer d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlerin egemen oldu\u011fu sekt\u00f6rlerle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 ayn\u0131d\u0131r ve hatta bazen daha y\u00fcksek bile olabilir.<\/p>\n

Eme\u011fin kendi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcnden yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 gittik\u00e7e artan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn temeli<\/strong>dir. Marx\u2019a g\u00f6re i\u015f\u00e7i kendisinden ne kadar \u00e7ok verirse kendisine o kadar az kal\u0131r, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 o derece kaybeder, yoksulla\u015f\u0131r ve yoksunla\u015f\u0131r. Her g\u00fcn 13-14 saat yap\u0131lan tekrara dayal\u0131 i\u015fler i\u015f\u00e7ileri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan nefret eder hale getirir. \u00dcstelik kendilerinin \u00fcretti\u011fi makineler belli bir zaman sonra kendileri yerine istihdam edilmeye ba\u015flan\u0131r ve onlar i\u015fsizli\u011fe ve a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa mahk\u00fbm edilirler.<\/p>\n

Makinele\u015fmeyle birlikte kalifiye eme\u011fe talep azald\u0131k\u00e7a i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri daha da azal\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin fabrikalar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmadan evvel imalat faaliyetleri bir usta, birka\u00e7 kalfa ve onlardan biraz daha fazla \u00e7\u0131raktan olu\u015fan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck zanaatk\u00e2r esnaf d\u00fckk\u00e2nlar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriliyordu. Usta, \u00fcretilen mal\u0131n ve \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne hakimdi ve diyelim ki dikilecek bir g\u00f6mle\u011fin ana a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 kendisi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyor, nispeten daha az ustal\u0131k gerektiren i\u015fleri kalfalar ve \u00e7\u0131raklar aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yordu. Kalfalar ve \u00e7\u0131raklardan ise zamanla ustala\u015fmalar\u0131 (yani beceri kazanmalar\u0131) bekleniyordu. Buharl\u0131 makinelerin deste\u011findeki fabrikasyon \u00fcretim \u015fekli bu s\u00fcreci tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Art\u0131k ana faaliyetleri makineler yap\u0131yor, usta i\u015f\u00e7iler yerine daha \u00e7ok makinelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fler yapan (\u00f6rne\u011fin iplik koptu\u011funda ipli\u011fi tekrar makineye takan veya Charlie Chaplin\u2019in Modern Zamanlar\u2019da dalga ge\u00e7erek anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi sabahtan ak\u015fama kadar vida s\u0131kan) i\u015f\u00e7ilere ihtiya\u00e7 art\u0131yordu. Bu makineler her ne kadar eme\u011fin kalitesini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrse de eme\u011fin verimlili\u011fini b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlarda art\u0131rd\u0131. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck esnaf faaliyetiyle bir g\u00fcnde diyelim 3-4 g\u00f6mlek dikilirken makineli \u00fcretimle bu say\u0131 y\u00fczlerle, binlerle ifade edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece fabrika sahibi ayn\u0131 s\u00fcrede daha fazla \u00fcretim yapt\u0131k\u00e7a ve bu \u00fcr\u00fcnleri daha ucuza satt\u0131k\u00e7a, usta esnaflar batmaya ve fabrika i\u015f\u00e7isi olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Marx bu s\u00fcrece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazinin proleterle\u015fmesi diyordu.<\/p>\n

Teknolojinin geli\u015fmesi daha h\u0131zl\u0131, daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, daha etkin ve daha az i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan makinelerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getiriyor. Bu makineler \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecini giderek daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alara ay\u0131r\u0131rken, eme\u011fin i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve uzmanla\u015fma durumunu art\u0131rmay\u0131 beraberinde getirdi ve getirmeye devam ediyor. Zaten fabrika i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin s\u00fcrekli, tekrara dayal\u0131 ve basit i\u015fler yapmas\u0131 da bunun sonucudur.<\/p>\n

Kapitalistlerin teknolojik geli\u015fmeyi desteklemelerinin temel nedeni eme\u011fin verimlili\u011fini art\u0131rarak daha k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede daha fazla mal \u00fcretiminin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece rekabette bir ad\u0131m \u00f6ne ge\u00e7me iste\u011fidir. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bir kapitalistin yeni bir makine kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Bu yeni makine elbette eskilere g\u00f6re mutlaka ya daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00fcretim yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ya daha az i\u015f\u00e7i kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ya da her ikisini birden sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Yeni makineyle \u00fcretime ge\u00e7ildikten sonra belli bir d\u00f6nem bizim yenilik\u00e7i kapitalistimizin toplam kar\u0131 artma e\u011filimine girer. Ancak rakipler fazla geride kalmay\u0131 g\u00f6ze alamayacaklard\u0131r. Onlar da ayn\u0131 makineleri (veya daha geli\u015fmi\u015flerini) kullanmaya ba\u015flayacaklard\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece o sekt\u00f6rde makinele\u015fmenin artmas\u0131 belli bir vadede mallar\u0131n birim maliyetlerini ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. Marx\u2019a g\u00f6re rekabet y\u00fcz\u00fcnden kapitalistler \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde kullan\u0131lan sermaye miktar\u0131n\u0131 (g\u00f6reli olarak) durmadan art\u0131rmak zorundad\u0131r. Bunun do\u011fal sonucu mal ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen emek miktar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131d\u0131r ayn\u0131 zamanda. Ancak bu durum \u00f6nce birim (mal ba\u015f\u0131na) karl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha sonra da toplam karl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azalt\u0131r. Marx bunu kar oranlar\u0131n\u0131n azalma e\u011filimi<\/strong> ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda genelle\u015ftirir. Kar oranlar\u0131n\u0131n ekonominin genelinde dayan\u0131lamayacak boyutta d\u00fc\u015fmesi de kitlesel iflaslar\u0131 beraberinde getirir ki ekonomik kriz denilen olgu tam da budur. Kapitalizm kendini yiyen y\u0131lan misali s\u00fcrekli kendi topu\u011funa kur\u015fun s\u0131kar, krize girer. Daha pop\u00fcler bir ifadeyle ekonomik kriz kapitalizmin f\u0131trat\u0131nda vard\u0131r.[\u00a7]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Teknolojik geli\u015fim kalifiye emek ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi eme\u011fin \u00fcretim i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131n\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bu durum bir sonraki d\u00f6nem emek gelirlerinin pay\u0131n\u0131n sermaye gelirlerine g\u00f6re azalmas\u0131na neden olur. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle makinelerin tek yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 eme\u011fin verimlili\u011fini art\u0131rmakt\u0131r; i\u015f\u00e7iler makineleri kullanarak daha fazla \u00fcretirler. Ancak daha fazla \u00fcrettik\u00e7e kendi paylar\u0131 azal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yeni (?) ekonomi ve beyaz yakal\u0131lar<\/h4>\n

Peki, bu durum g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de\u011fi\u015fti mi?<\/p>\n

\u00d6ncelikle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn beyaz-alt\u0131n yakal\u0131lardan olu\u015ftu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen hizmetler sekt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00fczerine birka\u00e7 not d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmeli. Burjuva iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar aras\u0131nda ekonomiyi \u00fc\u00e7 ana sekt\u00f6re b\u00f6lme ve b\u00f6ylece ekonomik aktiviteyi inceleme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 var: Tar\u0131m, sanayi ve hizmetler. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde d\u0131\u015fk\u0131s\u0131nda boncuk aran\u0131lan hizmetler sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ve kapsam\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi konusunda ciddi belirsizlikler var: \u201cSanayi ve hizmetler aras\u0131ndaki ola\u011fan ayr\u0131m ayd\u0131nlatmadan \u00e7ok belirsizlik yarat\u0131r. Hizmetler; sanayi ve tar\u0131ma uygun d\u00fc\u015fmeyen her \u015feyin t\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131k bir sekt\u00f6rd\u00fcr<\/em>\u201d.[22]<\/span> Kald\u0131 ki g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hizmetler kategorisinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen kimi faaliyetler ge\u00e7mi\u015fte sanayinin do\u011fal par\u00e7as\u0131 kabul ediliyordu:<\/p>\n

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(\u2026) sanayiden hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne ge\u00e7i\u015fin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6z\u00fcnde benzer i\u015flere verilen isim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finden ba\u015fka bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131maz. 30 y\u0131l \u00f6nce bir gazete i\u00e7in dizgi makinesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan biri, bir \u00e7e\u015fit sanayi i\u015f\u00e7isi (matbaa i\u015f\u00e7isi) olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bug\u00fcn bir gazete yay\u0131nc\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in bilgisayar dizgi mizanpaj\u0131 yapan biri hizmet i\u015f\u00e7isi olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Ama yap\u0131lan i\u015f esas\u0131nda ayn\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve \u00fcr\u00fcn az \u00e7ok \u00f6zde\u015ftir.[23]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u201cge\u00e7mi\u015f\u201din matbaa i\u015f\u00e7isi i\u015f k\u0131yafetini ve kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015f aletlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f; ama \u00f6z\u00fcnde ayn\u0131 i\u015fi yapmaya devam ediyor. Her g\u00fcn eline ge\u00e7en foto\u011fraflar\u0131 Photoshop veya benzeri bilgisayar programlar\u0131nda kesiyor, boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 ve renklerini ayarl\u0131yor, sonra yaz\u0131larla birlikte bunlar\u0131 bir mizanpaj program\u0131 kullanarak sayfalara yerle\u015ftiriyor. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fler her g\u00fcn ve her g\u00fcn ayn\u0131 olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n o art\u0131k \u201cyenili\u011fe a\u00e7\u0131k\u201d, \u201cmacerac\u0131\u201d, \u201ctekrara dayanmayan i\u015fler yapan\u201d bir hizmet \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendiriliyor.<\/p>\n

Bununla beraber hizmetler kategorisinde istihdam edilenlerin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kafa de\u011fil kol eme\u011fini satan i\u015f\u00e7ilerden, yani yakas\u0131n\u0131n rengi son derece mavi olanlardan olu\u015fuyor:<\/p>\n

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Kolla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretim sanayileriyle, beyaz yakal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ileri hizmetlerle e\u015f anlaml\u0131 saymak yayg\u0131n bir e\u011filimdir. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da imalat i\u015flerine oranla hizmet i\u015flerinin artmas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 geriletti\u011fi sonucu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r. Oysa denklem yanl\u0131\u015f kurulmu\u015ftur. En \u00f6nemli hizmet sanayilerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc geleneksel t\u00fcrde kol i\u015f\u00e7isi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6p\u00e7\u00fcler, hastane i\u015f\u00e7ileri, liman i\u015f\u00e7ileri, kamyon \u015fof\u00f6rleri, otob\u00fcs ve tren s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcleri, posta i\u015f\u00e7ileri, hizmet i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00fcstelik \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015ftururlar.[24]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Bunlara bir de g\u00f6kdelen plazalar\u0131n ve AVM\u2019lerin temizlik i\u015f\u00e7ilerini, son y\u0131llarda say\u0131lar\u0131 h\u0131zla artan moto-kuryeleri, vb. eklemek gerekir.<\/p>\n

Gelelim beyaz yakal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n durumuna. \u00d6ncelikle beyaz yakal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n hepsini ayn\u0131 kal\u0131b\u0131n i\u00e7ine t\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak, b\u00fct\u00fcn ya\u015fayanlar\u0131 canl\u0131 kategorisinde ele al\u0131p arada kapl\u0131ca keyfi yapmay\u0131 seven bir Japon kar maymunu ile tek h\u00fccreli bir bakterinin ayn\u0131 ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131na sahip oldu\u011funu iddia etmek kadar anlams\u0131zd\u0131r. Beyaz yakal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar da en az mavi yakal\u0131lar kadar s\u0131n\u0131fsal kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n cenderesi alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131fsal ayr\u0131m konusunda bazen Marx\u2019\u0131n \u201cde\u011fer yaratan\u201d\u00a0 ve \u201cde\u011fer yaratmayan\u201d\u00a0 emek ayr\u0131m\u0131 kilit bir nokta olarak ele al\u0131n\u0131yor. Sanki sadece sanayinin mavi yakal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7isi somut mal \u00fcretiminde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fer yarat\u0131rken (ve bu y\u00fczden proleter iken) hizmetlerin beyaz yakal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 de\u011fer yaratm\u0131yor; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu son grup i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olamaz.<\/p>\n

Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00fcretken ve \u00fcretken olmayan emek farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli mu\u011flakl\u0131klar bar\u0131nd\u0131ran bir mevzu. Net olan \u015feyse Marx\u2019\u0131n bu ayr\u0131m\u0131 yapt\u0131ktan sonra \u00fcretken olmayan i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n en az \u00fcretkenler kadar proleter oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemesi<\/em>dir. Kald\u0131 ki bu farkl\u0131la\u015fmada Marx\u2019\u0131n akl\u0131ndaki mal-hizmet ayr\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fil, o alanda kullan\u0131lan eme\u011fin toplam art\u0131-de\u011feri art\u0131r\u0131p art\u0131rmamas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetinde kullan\u0131lan emek ona g\u00f6re \u00fcretkendir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu faaliyet o mallar\u0131n \u00fcretimini tamamlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7e\u015fitli hizmetlerin \u00fcretimi de en az mal \u00fcretimi kadar \u00fcretken emek faaliyetleri kapsam\u0131nda yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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S\u00f6zgelimi bir filmde oynamak oyuncuyu istihdam eden kapitalist taraf\u0131ndan meta olarak sat\u0131lmas\u0131yla kar getiren bir kullan\u0131m de\u011feri yaratmas\u0131 (insanlar\u0131 e\u011flendirmesi ve hayat standartlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmas\u0131) \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde \u00fcretkendir.[25]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Marksist s\u0131n\u0131fsal ayr\u0131mda kullan\u0131lan iki kriter var: Birincisi \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetidir. Kapitalistlerin ilk akla gelen \u00f6zelli\u011fi i\u015fyerlerinin ve alet-edevat\u0131n sahibi olmalar\u0131d\u0131r ve i\u015f\u00e7iler kendilerinin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u00e7lardan \u201cba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r\u201d. E\u011fer herhangi bir i\u015fyerinin (bu ister AVM, ister banka, isterse b\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7e bir fabrika olsun) m\u00fclkiyeti bir ya da birka\u00e7 ki\u015fiye aitse ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bunlar neyin, ne kadar, hangi fiyattan \u00fcretilip sat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na karar verme hakk\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet vas\u0131tas\u0131yla kendi do\u011fal haklar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlar ve bu haklar\u0131n\u0131 sonuna kadar kullan\u0131yorlarsa onlara h\u0131zl\u0131ca \u201ckapitalist\u201d damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurabiliriz.<\/p>\n

Sermayeye do\u011frudan m\u00fclkiyet vas\u0131tas\u0131yla sahip olanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan herkes i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 de\u011fildir elbette. \u00d6rne\u011fin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn kocaman, \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketlerin alaca\u011f\u0131 kararlar\u0131 bir veya birka\u00e7 ki\u015fi vermiyor. Hatta e\u011fer o \u015firketin hisseleri borsada al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131l\u0131yorsa k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birikim sahipleri de o \u015firketin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ortaklar\u0131 olabiliyor. \u00dcstelik bu \u015firketlerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n CEO\u2019lar\u0131 y\u00f6nettikleri \u015firketin ya hi\u00e7 orta\u011f\u0131 de\u011fildir ya da hisse paylar\u0131 \u00e7ok azd\u0131r. Nas\u0131l ki bu \u015firketin borsadaki birka\u00e7 hissesini alan \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ortak\u201dlar\u0131 kapitalist olarak kabul etmek sa\u00e7maysa (ki \u015firket y\u00f6netiminde hak sahibi olabilmek i\u00e7in belli bir paya sahip olmak gerekir), ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde i\u015fyerinin m\u00fclkiyetine sahip olmayan ama o i\u015fyerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn stratejik kararlar\u0131n\u0131 ilk elden alan bu \u00fcst y\u00f6neticileri de i\u015f\u00e7i olarak kabul etmek o kadar aptalca olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Burada s\u0131n\u0131fsal ayr\u0131mda kullan\u0131lan ikinci kriteri de devreye sokmal\u0131y\u0131z: \u00dcretimin y\u00f6netimi ve kontrol edilmesi. Bizim CEO \u015firketin m\u00fclkiyetinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u015fekilde o \u015firketin neyi, ne kadar, nas\u0131l ve kimlerle \u00fcretece\u011fi konusunda ilk elden s\u00f6z sahibidir. Bu karar hakk\u0131 onu net bir \u015fekilde egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 yapmaya yeter de artar bile.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 devletin \u00fcst d\u00fczey asker-sivil b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131 i\u00e7in de y\u00fcr\u00fctebiliriz. Bir general herhangi bir tank\u0131n sahibi de\u011fildir. Onu al\u0131p satamaz. Ama o tank\u0131n nereye gidece\u011fine, i\u00e7inde kimlerin olaca\u011f\u0131na, ne kadar bomba ataca\u011f\u0131na, 12 Eyl\u00fcller\u2019de nerelerde konu\u015flanaca\u011f\u0131na ve gerekti\u011finde kimleri \u00f6ld\u00fcrece\u011fine karar veren mekanizman\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden o da t\u0131pk\u0131 \u00fcst d\u00fczey \u015firket y\u00f6neticileri, b\u00fcy\u00fck firma sahipleri\/y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyeleri, \u00fcst d\u00fczey sivil devlet y\u00f6neticileri ve b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131 gibi lay\u0131k\u0131yla egemen kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Callinicos\u2019un \u201ckapitalistlerin ayl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00fcyeleri<\/em>\u201d dedi\u011fi bu \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck az\u0131nl\u0131k grubunun tersine \u00fcretimin y\u00f6netimi ve denetiminde pay sahibi olmayan ezici \u00e7o\u011funluk yer al\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131, i\u015fteki konumlar\u0131 mavi yakal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerle ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n do\u011fal par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir de bu iki aras\u0131nda yer alan ve yalpalayan, \u201c\u00e7eli\u015fkili s\u0131n\u0131fsal konuma sahip bir ara katman<\/em>\u201d [26]<\/span> yer al\u0131r: Yeni orta s\u0131n\u0131f<\/em>.[**]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n beyaz yakal\u0131 \u00fcyelerinin analiziyle ba\u015flayal\u0131m. Yukar\u0131da fabrikalardaki s\u0131n\u0131fsal ayr\u0131m\u0131n temelinde yabanc\u0131la\u015fma ve bununla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan art\u0131-de\u011fer ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc olgular\u0131ndan bahsetmi\u015ftik. S\u0131radan bir banka \u015fubesini ziyaret edelim. Kap\u0131da bizi g\u00fcvenlik g\u00f6revlisi ve varsa dan\u0131\u015fma eleman\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lar. S\u0131ra bize geldi\u011finde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za standart bir banka memuru \u00e7\u0131kar ve i\u015fimizi halleder. \u015eubede bu \u015fah\u0131slar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda daha \u00f6zel hizmetlerde uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f (kredi ve kredi kart\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f\u0131-takibi gibi) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar da yer al\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bankada bir m\u00fcd\u00fcr, onun yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 ve belki birka\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm \u015fefi olacakt\u0131r. Nispeten orta d\u00fczeyli bir banka \u015fubesinde diyelim 20 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan varsa bunlar\u0131n en fazla be\u015fi i\u015fyerinde yap\u0131lan faaliyetleri d\u00fczenleme, denetleme ve kontrol hakk\u0131na sahip ki\u015filer olacakt\u0131r. Geriye kalan 15\u2019inin kendisine emredilen i\u015fi, emredilen zamanda, emredilen \u015fekilde yapmaktan ve her g\u00fcn elinin alt\u0131ndan binlerce lira ge\u00e7erken t\u0131pk\u0131 mavi yakal\u0131 karde\u015fleri gibi ay sonunu g\u00fc\u00e7 bela getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan ba\u015fka \u00e7aresi yoktur. Sabah sekiz bu\u00e7uk-dokuz gibi ba\u015flayan mesai ak\u015fam (en iyi ihtimalle) alt\u0131-alt\u0131 bu\u00e7ukta biter. Yap\u0131lan i\u015fler her g\u00fcn ayn\u0131d\u0131r ve kesin tan\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r. Banka memuru elinin alt\u0131nda d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lan bilgisayarlar ve internet ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olsa da arada yap\u0131lan ka\u00e7amak sosyal medya takibi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, hesaplara giri\u015f-\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yapmak, para saymak, havale emri yazmak ve yaz\u0131c\u0131dan makbuz \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 almak d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda o sihirli makineyi kullanamaz. O sihirli makine asl\u0131nda ona d\u00fc\u015fman gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr; onun g\u00fcnde en az 8-9 saat sandalyeye \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131 kalmas\u0131na ve her g\u00fcn ayn\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 i\u015fleri tekrar tekrar yapmas\u0131na neden olan \u015feytan icad\u0131d\u0131r. Hi\u00e7 de o bilgisayarla d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p yeni \u015feyler \u00f6\u011frenme, yeni beceriler kazanma \u015fans\u0131 yakalayamaz. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n orta-\u00fcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6netim kademelerine y\u00fckselme \u015fans\u0131 vard\u0131r. Tan\u0131d\u0131k geldi mi?<\/p>\n

Bu beyaz yakal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan be\u015f ki\u015fi de hi\u00e7 de kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n mensuplar\u0131 de\u011fildir. Her ne kadar \u015fube m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7ileri denetlese ve onlar\u0131n performanslar\u0131n\u0131 merkeze iletse de onun da denetim hakk\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z de\u011fil. Ancak yine de bankaya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fer katk\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 elde ediyor. Yani bir anlamda \u015firket y\u00f6netiminin ajanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaparak i\u015f\u00e7ilerin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de olsa pay al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Bizim bankadaki i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n beyaz yakal\u0131 kesimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan bu be\u015f ki\u015fi \u201cyeni orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d denilen ara katman\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor. Bir yandan t\u0131pk\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7iler gibi onlar\u0131n da \u015firketin stratejik kararlar\u0131na kat\u0131lma haklar\u0131 yok; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla onlar da \u201cemir kulu\u201d ve bu y\u00f6nleriyle i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131rlar. Ancak bir yandan da i\u015f\u00e7ilerin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmalar\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7iler ne kadar s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrlerse onlar\u0131n da bundan elde edecekleri kazan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n artacak olmas\u0131 onlar\u0131 proletaryadan ay\u0131r\u0131p kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131fa yakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte o y\u00fczden bu grup (ad\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131f ge\u00e7se de) ara katman olarak de\u011ferlendirilir. \u00dcniversitelerin i\u015fletme fak\u00fcltelerinde kullan\u0131lan bir tan\u0131mlamayla a\u00e7\u0131klayacak olursak, \u015firketin \u00fcst y\u00f6netimi (kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f) strateji belirleme, orta d\u00fczey y\u00f6neticiler (yeni orta s\u0131n\u0131f) ise kendilerine emredilen bu stratejinin uygulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u0131sa vadeli planlama hakk\u0131na\/yetkisine sahiptir.<\/p>\n

Kald\u0131 ki teknolojik geli\u015fme bu ara katman\u0131n h\u0131zla erimesini ve \u00e7o\u011funun konumunun i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na yakla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getiriyor. Nas\u0131l ki kapitalizmin erken safhalar\u0131nda buharl\u0131 makine esnaf\u0131n m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015fmesine ve fabrika i\u015f\u00e7isi olarak proletarya saflar\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131ysa, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00f6zellikle bilgi teknolojilerinin geli\u015fimiyle birlikte \u00fcretimin ve \u00fcreticilerin g\u00fcnl\u00fck denetimi konusunda \u015firket \u00fcst y\u00f6neticilerinin yeni orta s\u0131n\u0131f \u00fcyelerine olan ihtiyac\u0131 azal\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Beyaz yakal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar aras\u0131nda teknolojik geli\u015fimin k\u00fcme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc belki de ilk grup g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde net bir \u015fekilde proleter olan b\u00fcro emek\u00e7ileridir. B\u00fcro i\u015flerinin \u00e7o\u011funlukla ka\u011f\u0131t-kalemle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda bir b\u00fcro katibinin durumu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki muadillerinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131yd\u0131. O d\u00f6nemde e\u011fitim f\u0131rsatlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fayan k\u00e2tip, nispeten y\u00fcksek \u00fccret kazan\u0131yordu. \u00dcstelik \u015firketin sahibiyle ki\u015fisel g\u00fcven ili\u015fkisi kurma ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131na da sahipti. Ancak okuma-yazma bilenlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, ya\u015fanan teknolojik geli\u015fim (daktilonun ve steno makinelerinin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ve eni sonu bilgisayarlar\u0131n b\u00fcroya girmesi) eskinin k\u00e2tibini \u015fimdinin b\u00fcro i\u015f\u00e7isi yapmaya yetti de artt\u0131:<\/p>\n

\n

Bununla beraber, Marksist s\u0131n\u0131f teorisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha temel bir \u00f6zellik, Amerikal\u0131 Marksist Harry Braverman\u2019\u0131n deyi\u015fiyle \u201cb\u00fcro i\u015finin sanayile\u015fmesi\u201ddir; ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, b\u00fcro i\u015flerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn yar\u0131-vas\u0131fl\u0131, tekrara dayal\u0131 ve elle yap\u0131lan i\u015flemlerden olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131d\u0131r.[27]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Bunun g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki en g\u00fczel \u00f6rneklerinden bir tanesi say\u0131lar\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 h\u0131zla artan \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezleridir. Bu merkezlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar, ba\u011fl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 veya kendilerini ta\u015feron olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran \u015firketlerin kaz\u0131klad\u0131klar\u0131 ve\/veya s\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcrd\u00fckleri ve bu y\u00fczden de genelde k\u0131zg\u0131n olan m\u00fc\u015fterilerle bol bol cebelle\u015fmek zorunda kal\u0131yorlar. Uzun saatler boyunca yap\u0131lan i\u015f ise hi\u00e7 de \u201cyenili\u011fe\u201d falan a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fil:<\/p>\n

\n

Modern \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezleri[nde] (\u2026) s\u0131k\u0131 k\u0131lavuzlar telefonda zaman\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l en etkili \u015fekilde kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dikte ederken, bilgisayar sistemleri tuvalet ve \u00f6\u011fle yeme\u011fi aralar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. Her \u015fey m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan her bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma dakikas\u0131n\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7iden \u00e7\u0131karmak \u00fczere ayarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u2026) Baz\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezlerinde i\u015f\u00e7iler, kendilerine m\u00fc\u015fterilerle ilgilenmek i\u00e7in soru ve cevap ak\u0131\u015f \u00e7izelgesi verildi\u011fini ve i\u015fverenlerinin bu ileti\u015fimi bile mekanik bir \u015fekle indirgemek i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a sert olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedirler.[28]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Teknolojik yenilikler, yap\u0131lan i\u015fin verimini art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 oranda i\u015fin standartla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 da beraberinde getiriyor. B\u00f6ylece daha \u00f6nce o i\u015fi yapmak uzmanl\u0131k gerektirirken makinelerin istihdam\u0131yla birlikte vas\u0131fl\u0131 emek ihtiyac\u0131 da azal\u0131yor veya asl\u0131nda ayn\u0131 \u015fey demek olan \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemin vas\u0131fl\u0131 eme\u011finin de\u011ferini azalt\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi de bir hastaneyi ziyaret edelim. \u0130\u00e7eride ilk kar\u015f\u0131la\u015faca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlardan bir tanesi, eski d\u00f6nemki nispeten y\u00fcksek toplumsal stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7oktan kaybetmi\u015f olan hem\u015fire olacakt\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu hem\u015fireyle beraber hastabak\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, ebeleri ve sa\u011fl\u0131k memurlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fc kapal\u0131 bir \u015fekilde i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n hanesine h\u0131zl\u0131ca yazabiliriz.<\/p>\n

Peki, ya doktorlar? Toplumun geneli kafas\u0131ndaki doktor imgesinin yan\u0131na hala l\u00fcks arabalar\u0131n ve dubleks villalar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini koyar ve ona proleter diyenleri garipser. Baz\u0131 doktorlar\u0131n gelirlerinin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu do\u011frudur. Ancak e\u011fer ki o doktor ayn\u0131 zamanda hastane sahibi veya y\u00f6neticisi de\u011filse ve\/veya kendisine ait bir muayenehanesi yoksa onun da ait oldu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131f, y\u00fcz\u00fc g\u00f6z\u00fc motor ya\u011f\u0131na bulanm\u0131\u015f mavi yakal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ininkiyle ayn\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcstelik arabas\u0131n\u0131n markas\u0131 veya oturdu\u011fu muhit ne olursa olsun. Zira ortalama bir doktorun ortalama bir b\u00fcro veya tekstil i\u015f\u00e7isinden daha y\u00fcksek \u00fccret almas\u0131 onun eme\u011finin nispeten daha de\u011ferli (vas\u0131fl\u0131 emek) oldu\u011funun g\u00f6stergesidir. Bununla birlikte doktorluk mesle\u011fi \u00e7o\u011funlukla 24 saati a\u015fan n\u00f6betleriyle, uzun saatler s\u00fcren hasta muayenesi ve ameliyatlarla me\u015fhurdur. Kald\u0131 ki bu s\u00f6ylediklerimiz uzman doktorlar i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli. Doktorlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan pratisyen hekimler neredeyse hem\u015firelerle ayn\u0131 zamanda proleterle\u015fmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

Neticede hastaneden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p bir okula, \u00fcniversiteye, muhasebe b\u00fcrosuna veya s\u0131radan bir devlet dairesine girsek kar\u015f\u0131la\u015faca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z manzara de\u011fi\u015fmeyecektir.<\/p>\n

Ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k belirtisi olarak beyaz yakal\u0131lar\u0131n artmas\u0131<\/h4>\n

Beyaz yakal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n genellikle istihdam edildikleri hizmetler sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn ekonomilerdeki \u015fi\u015fkinli\u011finin artmas\u0131 1960\u2019lar\u0131n sonundan itibaren g\u00f6zlemlenmeye ba\u015flanan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7. Kimilerini tanr\u0131 par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015f\u00e7esine sevindiren bu olgu asl\u0131nda kapitalist ekonomik yap\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar hastal\u0131kl\u0131 ve k\u0131r\u0131lgan oldu\u011funun en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6stergelerinden bir tanesidir.<\/p>\n

Son 30-40 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemde reklamc\u0131l\u0131k, bankac\u0131l\u0131k-finans gibi sekt\u00f6rlerin ekonomideki ve istihdamdaki paylar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131n temel nedeni reel sekt\u00f6rdeki kar oranlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyelerde bulunmas\u0131 ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak rekabetin k\u0131z\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sermaye ve pazar paylar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rma tela\u015f\u0131nda olan kapitalistler reklamlara ve \u201chalkla ili\u015fkiler\u201d dedikleri di\u011fer g\u00f6z boyama tekniklerine her sene milyarlarca lira d\u00f6k\u00fcyorlar. Bu, insan\u0131 \u00e7ileden \u00e7\u0131karan Aziz Nesin\u2019lik durumlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 giderek art\u0131r\u0131yor da. \u00d6rne\u011fin sabah ak\u015fam maliyetlerin y\u00fcksekli\u011finden dert yanan THY y\u00f6neticilerinin, daha insanca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7in greve \u00e7\u0131kan THY emek\u00e7ilerini i\u015ften att\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada \u201cPR \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131\u201d niteli\u011finde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck futbol kl\u00fcplerinden Barcelona\u2019n\u0131n sponsorlu\u011fu i\u00e7in milyarlar\u0131 ak\u0131tmaktan geri durmamas\u0131 ya da demokrasi \u015fampiyonu T\u00dcS\u0130AD\u2019\u0131n eski ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve S\u00fcta\u015f\u2019\u0131n sahibi Muharrem Y\u0131lmaz\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki t\u00fcm fabrikalar\u0131nda sendikala\u015fmaya giden i\u015f\u00e7ileri i\u015ften atarken her g\u00fcn televizyonlarda d\u00f6nen ayran reklamlar\u0131na milyonlar ak\u0131tmas\u0131. Bir \u00f6rnek de dindar sermayeden: Sendika de\u011fi\u015ftiren i\u015f\u00e7iler tek tek i\u015ften at\u0131l\u0131rken \u00dclker, bir \u0130ngiliz firmas\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131n almaktan ve de yine televizyonlarda mutluluk ta\u015fan reklamlar yay\u0131nlatmaktan geri durmad\u0131 ve durmuyor.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karl\u0131l\u0131k durumunun kal\u0131c\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bir ba\u015fka g\u00f6stergesi finans sekt\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr. Reel sekt\u00f6rde karl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n azalmas\u0131 kapitalistlerin finansal hokus pokuslarla birbirlerinden (ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tasarruf sahiplerinden) \u00e7alma u\u011fra\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da art\u0131r\u0131yor. Yeni fabrika kurman\u0131n getirisinin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6renler borsayla, bir tak\u0131m spek\u00fclatif giri\u015fimlerle paradan para kazanma \u00e7abas\u0131na giriyor. Bu da finansal sekt\u00f6r \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zla artmas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getiriyor. Ancak para hi\u00e7 de do\u011furgan bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Finansal sekt\u00f6r kapitalistler birbirlerini yasal olarak soyabilsinler diye var. Finansal sekt\u00f6rde elden ele ge\u00e7en de\u011ferler, bankalar\u0131n kendi yaratt\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011ferler de\u011fil daha \u00f6nceden yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan de\u011ferlerdir. Finans sadece bu de\u011ferlerin el de\u011fi\u015fimini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lar; yeni bir \u015fey yaratmaz.<\/p>\n

Bu y\u00fczden reklamc\u0131l\u0131k gibi finans sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde kullan\u0131lan emek, toplumsal bir fayda yaratmaz. Asl\u0131nda bu alanlarda kullan\u0131lan emek tamamen \u00e7\u00f6pe at\u0131lan emek<\/strong>tir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00f6pe at\u0131lan emek demi\u015fken g\u00fcvenlik sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnden bahsetmeden olmaz. Kapitalizmin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn derinle\u015fen toplumsal adaletsizlik toplumsal tepkileri de beraberinde getiriyor. Bu tepkilerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kendisini \u201cbats\u0131n bu d\u00fcnya\u201d k\u0131vam\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00f6fkeli ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bombalama-suikast eylemleri \u015feklinde ifade ediyor; baz\u0131lar\u0131 da h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k-gasp yolunu tercih ediyor. Bu \u00e7aresizli\u011fin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6fkenin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nabilmek i\u00e7in art\u0131k bakkal d\u00fckkanlar\u0131na bile kamera sistemleri kuruluyor. Paras\u0131 olanlar ise \u00f6zel g\u00fcvenlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 da istihdam ediyor.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ekten son y\u0131llarda mevcudu en h\u0131zl\u0131 artan \u201cbeyaz yakal\u0131\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar grubunu bu \u00f6zel g\u00fcvenlik\u00e7iler olu\u015fturuyor. Her ma\u011fazan\u0131n, holdingin, bankan\u0131n, devlet dairesinin, vs. i\u00e7inde bir s\u00fcr\u00fc \u201cg\u00fcvenlik g\u00f6revlisi\u201dyle muhatap olmak zorunda kal\u0131yoruz. Neredeyse her g\u00fcn \u00fcst-ba\u015f aramas\u0131 \u015feklinde cereyan eden tacizle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r hale geldik.<\/p>\n

\u00d6fke, kolektif m\u00fccadelelerle de kendisini g\u00f6steriyor. \u0130\u015fte \u00f6zel g\u00fcvenliklerin yetmedi\u011fi yerde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za polisiyle askeriyle devlet-i ali \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Toplumun s\u0131radan bireylerinin de\u011fil kapitalist az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n huzuru ve g\u00fcveni i\u00e7in var olan polisiye ve askeri uygulamalar elbette eme\u011fin en \u00e7ok \u00e7\u00f6pe at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlar<\/strong>d\u0131r. Kapitalizm \u00f6fkeyi art\u0131rd\u0131k\u00e7a bu alanlarda harcanan eme\u011fin miktar\u0131 da art\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Normal zamanlarda bile k\u00f6r topal ilerleyebilen kapitalizm s\u00fcrekli krizlerden mustarip. S\u00fcrekli yenilenen ve derinle\u015fen krizlerden kurtulmak i\u00e7in de kapitalistlerin devlet deste\u011fine olan ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn art\u0131yor. Neo-liberal ideologlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131ndan bir tanesi devletin, ekonominin y\u00fck\u00fc oldu\u011fu ve \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmeler sayesinde toplumsal kaynaklar\u0131n daha etkin kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Onlar devletin e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve sosyal g\u00fcvenlik de dahil kamusal hizmetlerin \u00fcretildi\u011fi sekt\u00f6rlerden \u00e7ekilmesinin; yani devletin \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclt\u00fclmesi\u201dnin mutlaka yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken, hay\u0131rl\u0131 bir i\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ekten 70\u2019li y\u0131llardan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada devletin mal-hizmet \u00fcreten fabrika ve i\u015fletmelerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirildi\u011fine veya kapat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u015fahit oluyoruz. Ancak devletin ekonomideki pay\u0131 s\u00f6ylenenin aksine hi\u00e7 de azalm\u0131yor; art\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Sadece son 2007 krizi d\u00f6nemindeki kamu harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnyadaki seyri bile bunun yeterince ispat\u0131n\u0131 sunuyor. OECD\u2019nin verilerine g\u00f6re \u00f6rne\u011fin ABD\u2019de kamu harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n GSY\u0130H i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 2000\u2019de y\u00fczde 33,8\u2019den son k\u00fcresel krizin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 senesi \u00a0olan 2007\u2019de y\u00fczde 36,7\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131karken, 2009\u2019da y\u00fczde 42,1\u2019e f\u0131rlad\u0131. \u00dcstelik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u201cliberal\u201d \u00fclkesinin bu oran\u0131 \u201ckom\u00fcnist\u201d \u00c7in\u2019in oran\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse iki kat\u0131 civar\u0131nda (\u00c7in\u2019in 2009 oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 23,1). Liberalizmin anavatan\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin oranlar\u0131 ise 2000\u2019de y\u00fczde 39.05, 2007\u2019de y\u00fczde 43,9 ve 2009\u2019da 51,6. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ise 2007\u2019de y\u00fczde 34,5 olan oran krizin \u201cte\u011fet ge\u00e7mesi\u201dyle birlikte 2009\u2019da y\u00fczde 39,3\u2019e f\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f.[29]<\/span> OECD\u2019nin verileri d\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerinin \u00e7o\u011funda ayn\u0131 trendin g\u00f6zlemlendi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

Kriz d\u00f6nemlerinde devletin ekonomideki pay\u0131 birden f\u0131rlarken krizin \u015fiddetinin azalmas\u0131yla birlikte bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fan\u0131r. Ancak bu azal\u0131\u015f, yukar\u0131 y\u00f6nl\u00fc hareket kadar keskin olmaz. Bunun yan\u0131nda yeni i\u015f\u00e7i ku\u015faklar\u0131n\u0131n yeti\u015ftirilmesi ve emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in (son derece yetersiz de olsa) \u00e7e\u015fitli e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve sosyal g\u00fcvenlik hizmetlerinin sunulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de devlete \u015fu ya da bu \u015fekilde ihtiya\u00e7 duyulur. \u00d6zellikle \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan itibaren devletin ekonomi i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131n\u0131n istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada kamu istihdam\u0131n\u0131n giderek artmas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirir. Ger\u00e7ekten T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki en b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fveren devlettir: 2012\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 1,9 milyonu memur stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde olmak \u00fczere toplam 2,8 milyon kamu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 vard\u0131 ve bu say\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de benzer bir d\u00fczeyde oldu\u011funu varsayabiliriz.[30]<\/span> Devlet Personel Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re bu memurlar\u0131n sadece 3 bin 503\u2019\u00fc \u201c\u00fcst d\u00fczey\u201d memur; yani kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ayl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00fcyeleri olan m\u00fc\u015favirler, genel m\u00fcd\u00fcrler, generaller, vs. Geri kalanlar\u0131n ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu \u00f6\u011fretmen, vergi memuru, doktor, hem\u015fire, vb. olu\u015fturuyor: Beyaz yakal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7iler.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 yerine<\/h4>\n

Gezi Eylemleri\u2019yle \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fck sorunu yeniden alevlendi. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda and\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z KONDA\u2019n\u0131n Gezi Raporu\u2019nda da eylemlere kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n sendika, parti, dernek gibi kurumlara \u00fcye oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n ciddi bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n herhangi bir \u00f6rg\u00fctsel ba\u011f\u0131 yok.\u00a0Bununla birlikte Gezi\u2019yle birlikte her yerde forumlar\u0131, dayan\u0131\u015fma evlerini veya benzeri yeni yap\u0131lanmalar\u0131 olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flad\u0131k.<\/p>\n

Bu iki resme bakan baz\u0131lar\u0131 (i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hezeyan\u0131yla birlikte) art\u0131k sendika, parti gibi \u201ceski\u201d yap\u0131lar\u0131n \u201cyeni\u201d d\u00f6neme uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunlar\u0131n yerine yenilerinin konmas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fart oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ileri s\u00fcrenler elbette ki kapitalist de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

Post-modernist kuramlar\u0131 \u015fu ya da bu d\u00fczeyde kabul edenlerin ciddi bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kapitalizmden kurtulmak isteyen, ama ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze sosyal demokrat ve stalinist \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin yapt\u0131klar\u0131na bak\u0131p ger\u00e7ek sol de\u011ferleri bunlar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayan ve bu y\u00fczden yenilik aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na giren insanlar. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle ge\u00e7mi\u015fte Stalin ve sonras\u0131 Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc CHP\u2019nin veya \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi\u2019nin \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131, d\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131 politikalar\u0131n\u0131n solu temsil etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde sendikal b\u00fcrokrasinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde yuvarland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolsuzluk \u00e7ukurlar\u0131, di\u011ferlerinin ise pek \u00e7ok durumda politikas\u0131zl\u0131k bata\u011f\u0131na saplanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 da bu insanlar\u0131 (hepimiz gibi) bunaltm\u0131\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Gezi Ruhu\u2019nun bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n parti ve sendikalara y\u00f6nelik g\u00fcvensizlik halinin anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r bir taraf\u0131 var.<\/p>\n

FAKAT\u2026<\/p>\n

1. Sosyalizmle stalinizmi e\u015fde\u011fer g\u00f6rmek yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rusya\u2019daki ekonomik-politik sistemin ve Rusya d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki stalinist \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin politikalar\u0131yla Ger\u00e7ek Marksist Gelene\u011fin birbiriyle hi\u00e7bir alakas\u0131 yoktur.[\u2020\u2020]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> Kald\u0131 ki stalinizmin uygulamalar\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde kader de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

2. Kapitalist sistemin \u00f6zde bir de\u011fi\u015fim ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi de do\u011fru de\u011fildir. Sanayinin ekonomi i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131yla beyaz yakal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin istihdam i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n sonunu getirmekten ziyade tam tersine d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

3. Sendika ve di\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 atalet durumu i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n fiziki zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fil, \u00e7o\u011funlukla duvarlar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ve neo-liberal sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ideolojik geri \u00e7ekilmenin sonucudur. Ve bu da kader de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Sendika ve i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin en iyi ihtimalle i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 atalet durumunun fiziki bir eksiklik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en a\u00e7\u0131k ispatlar\u0131ndan bir tanesi duvarlar y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r, neredeyse t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada sol ve i\u015f\u00e7i hareketleri geri \u00e7ekilirken T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de koskoca bir KESK hareketi kuran memurlard\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn grevsiz, toplu s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiz de olsa memurlar\u0131n sendika hakk\u0131 varsa, KESK\u2019in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bask\u0131ya, s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlere, vs. ra\u011fmen y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fccadele sayesinde var. Ancak politikas\u0131zl\u0131k hali KESK de dahil b\u00fct\u00fcn sendikal yap\u0131lar\u0131n ortak derdidir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda duvarlar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n genel olarak solda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaybetmi\u015flik hissiyat\u0131, bunun \u00fcst\u00fcne binen neo-liberal sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 koyamama b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin ortak problemidir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne T\u00fcrkiye \u00f6zelinde K\u00fcrt sorunu, laik cepheci T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 b\u00f6len yans\u0131malar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnsel olarak solu ve sendikalar\u0131 nefessiz b\u0131rakan olgulard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Buna kar\u015f\u0131n her m\u00fccadele dalgas\u0131, taban \u00f6rg\u00fctlerini do\u011furur ve geli\u015ftirir. Zira herkes, hakk\u0131n verilen de\u011fil al\u0131nan bir \u015fey oldu\u011funun ve ne kadar ekmek varsa o kadar k\u00f6fte \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131na var\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130ster sendikal bir m\u00fccadele olsun isterse politik bir muhalif kar\u015f\u0131 duru\u015f; birlikte direnme, kararlar\u0131 birlikte verme ve hareket etme i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131nda vard\u0131r. Kald\u0131 ki i\u015f\u00e7iler harekete ge\u00e7ti\u011finde di\u011fer ezilen-d\u0131\u015flanan kesimleri de kendine \u00e7eker. Onlar\u0131 da kendi m\u00fccadelesine katar, onlar\u0131n m\u00fccadelesine kat\u0131l\u0131r. Gezi t\u00fcm spontanl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bunu bize bir kez daha g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

Gezi bir \u201cyeter art\u0131k\u201d isyan\u0131yd\u0131; bir kar\u015f\u0131 durma refleksiydi. Eylemlere kat\u0131lanlar nelere hay\u0131r dediklerini biliyorlard\u0131. Ancak bu kar\u015f\u0131 duru\u015fu nas\u0131l genelle\u015ftirip yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, nelere evet diyece\u011fimiz, alternatif olarak neleri koyaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z konusunda naifli\u011fimiz devreye girdi. Bug\u00fcn hala sa\u00e7ma sapan insanlar, sa\u00e7ma sapan \u201ccamideki i\u00e7ki\u201d yalanlar\u0131n\u0131 dillendiriyor ve maalesef \u00f6z\u00fcnde bizden olan kimilerini de kand\u0131rmay\u0131 becerebiliyorsa; i\u015fte bu bizim naifli\u011fimizin sonucudur.<\/p>\n

Gezi\u2019yi genelle\u015ftirmek ve derinle\u015ftirmek, s\u00fcrekli yan yana durmak, fikir al\u0131\u015f-veri\u015finde bulunmak, birbirimizi ikna etmek ve ortakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z konularda birlikte hareket etmek; bunlar\u0131 da olabildi\u011fince \u00e7ok insanla birlikte yapmaktan; yani \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmekten, \u00f6rg\u00fctlemekten ge\u00e7iyor. M\u00fccadelenin kal\u0131c\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 ve yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n yegane yolu bu.<\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Gezi\u2019yle birlikte olu\u015fturulan forumlar ve di\u011fer birlikler, s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n klasik ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ikamesi de\u011fildir; bu iki kurumsal yap\u0131 birbirinin rakibi de\u011fil, birbirlerinin tamamlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

Dipnotlar<\/h3>\n
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[*]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de s\u0131nai faaliyetlerin i\u00e7ine imalat, enerji ve madencilik sokulur. Bat\u0131da in\u015faat da s\u0131nai faaliyet kabul edilirken, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de in\u015faat hizmetler sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n

[\u2020]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Verimlilik bir i\u015fyerindeki (veya b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015fkolundaki\/ekonomideki) toplam \u00fcretimin i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131na b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle bulunur (ortalama verimlilik).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[\u2021]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Yabanc\u0131la\u015fma olgusunu t\u00fcm sosyal boyutlar\u0131yla ele alan k\u0131sa ve \u00f6zl\u00fc bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in:\u00a0 Yabanc\u0131la\u015fma: Marx\u2019\u0131n Teorisine Bir Giri\u015f<\/strong>, Dan Swain<\/em>, Marx21 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2013.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[\u00a7]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Kapitalist sistemin i\u015fleyi\u015fi, ekonomi politikas\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131sa ve \u00f6z bir tarih\u00e7esi ve ekonomik krizin neden ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda etkin bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in: Zombi Kapitalizm: K\u00fcresel Kriz ve Marx\u2019\u0131n Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/strong>; Chris Harman<\/em>, Marx21 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2012<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[**]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u201cYeni orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d kavram\u0131 Callinicos\u2019un Amerikal\u0131 Marksist Erik Olin Wright\u2019tan devrald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kavram. Ad\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131f laf\u0131 ge\u00e7mesine ra\u011fmen asl\u0131nda Callinicos bu grubu \u00f6zellikle \u00e7eli\u015fkili s\u0131n\u0131fsal konumlar\u0131 olan, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131yla kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f aras\u0131nda bir \u201cara katman\u201d olarak de\u011ferlendirir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[\u2020\u2020]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Bu konuda \u00f6nc\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma Tony Cliff\u2019in ilk defa 1940\u2019lar\u0131n sonunda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rusya\u2019da Devlet Kapitalizmi<\/strong> kitab\u0131d\u0131r. Kitaba Marx21\u2019in web sitesinden (http:\/\/marx-21.net\/?p=527<\/a>) ula\u015fabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

Sonnotlar<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n

1. Gezi Raporu, KONDA, 05.06.2014, internet eri\u015fimi: http:\/\/www.konda.com.tr\/tr\/raporlar\/KONDA_GeziRaporu2014.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

2. Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmadan elde edilen sonu\u00e7lar i\u00e7in: \u201cGeziye Kimler Kat\u0131ld\u0131: Orta S\u0131n\u0131flar, \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler, T\u00fcrkler ve K\u00fcrtler Hakk\u0131nda Baz\u0131 Somut Bilgiler ve Saptamalar\u201d, Erdem Y\u00f6r\u00fck, http:\/\/t24.com.tr\/yazarlar\/erdem-yoruk\/geziye-kimler-katildi-orta-siniflar-isciler-turkler-ve-kurtler-hakkinda-bazi-somut-bilgiler-ve-saptamalar,8391<\/a><\/p>\n

3. KONDA Gezi Raporu, s. 7<\/p>\n

4. Ayn\u0131 rapor, s. 8<\/p>\n

5. Ayn\u0131 rapor, s. 9-10<\/p>\n

6. Ayn\u0131 rapor, s. 11\u2019deki grafik.<\/p>\n

7. Geziye Kimler Kat\u0131ld\u0131: Orta S\u0131n\u0131flar, \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler, T\u00fcrkler ve K\u00fcrtler Hakk\u0131nda Baz\u0131 Somut Bilgiler ve Saptamalar\u201d, Erdem Y\u00f6r\u00fck, http:\/\/t24.com.tr\/yazarlar\/erdem-yoruk\/geziye-kimler-katildi-orta-siniflar-isciler-turkler-ve-kurtler-hakkinda-bazi-somut-bilgiler-ve-saptamalar,8391<\/p>\n

8. agy.<\/p>\n

9. agy.<\/p>\n

10. Veriler OECD\u2019ye ait (OECD Labour Force Statistics). 1979 rakamlar\u0131 \u201chttp:\/\/www.keepeek.com\/Digital-Asset-Management\/oecd\/employment\/labour-force-statistics-2000_lfs-2000-en-fr#page290<\/a>\u201d adresindeki tablolardan al\u0131nd\u0131. Oranlar\u0131 kendim hesaplad\u0131m. Di\u011fer y\u0131llar\u0131n verileri ise \u201chttp:\/\/www.keepeek.com\/Digital-Asset-Management\/oecd\/employment\/labour-force-statistics-2010_lfs-2010-en-fr#page356<\/a>\u201d\u00a0 adresindeki tablolardan al\u0131nd\u0131. Sanayi rakamlar\u0131na in\u015faat istihdam\u0131 da dahil. OECD\u2019nin \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc \u0130statistikleri\u2019nde ABD\u2019nin ilgili verileri 2002\u2019ye kadar var. Fakat genel e\u011filimin 2002 sonras\u0131nda da devam etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz.<\/p>\n

11. Yukar\u0131daki gibi.<\/p>\n

12. Veriler \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin resmi istatistik kurumu Office for National Statistics\u2019in \u201cThe Changing Shape of UK Manufacturing\u201d adl\u0131 raporunun 3. sayfas\u0131nda yer alan emek verimlili\u011fini ele alan grafik ve tablodan al\u0131nd\u0131. Oranlar\u0131 ben hesaplad\u0131m. \u0130nternet eri\u015fimi: http:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/ons\/dcp171766_381512.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

13. Ayn\u0131 rapor, s. 4\u2019teki grafik ve tablo.<\/p>\n

14. Bu oran\u0131 Alman Federal \u0130statistik Ofisi\u2019nin (Statistisches Bundesamt) resmi web sitesinde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ayl\u0131k \u00fcretim endeksine dayanarak kendim hesaplad\u0131m. Temmuz 1995\u2019te \u00fcretim endeksi (bu endekste 2010=100 kabul ediliyor) 78,6 iken Temmuz 2014\u2019te 113,7 olmu\u015f. Web eri\u015fimi: https:\/\/www.destatis.de\/EN\/FactsFigures\/Indicators\/ShortTermIndicators\/Production\/kpi111.html?cms_gtp=147790_list%253D1&https=1<\/a><\/p>\n

15. ABD Merkez Bankas\u0131 (Federal Reserve) rakamlar\u0131; (akt.) Chris Harman, Zombi Kapitalizm, s. 302<\/p>\n

16. Federal Reserve\u2019un web sitesinde yer alan sanayi \u00fcretim endeksi tablosu. Web eri\u015fimi: http:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/releases\/g17\/Current\/table0.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

17. Chris Harman, Zombi Kapitalizm, Marx21 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2012, s. 302<\/p>\n

18. OECD Labour Force Statistics; http:\/\/www.keepeek.com\/Digital-Asset-Management\/oecd\/employment\/labour-force-statistics-2000_lfs-2000-en-fr#page290<\/a><\/p>\n

19. Veriler T\u00dc\u0130K\u2019in \u201c\u0130stihdam edilenlerin y\u0131llara g\u00f6re iktisadi faaliyet kollar\u0131 ve da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan al\u0131nd\u0131; internet eri\u015fimi: http:\/\/www.tuik.gov.tr\/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=2263<\/a><\/p>\n

20. Veriler T\u00dc\u0130K\u2019in \u201cSanayi \u00dcretim Endeksi (1986-2013)\u201d adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan al\u0131nd\u0131; oran\u0131 kendim hesaplad\u0131m. \u0130nternet eri\u015fimi:\u00a0 http:\/\/www.tuik.gov.tr\/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=2039<\/a><\/p>\n

21. Alex Callinicos<\/em>, Marx\u2019\u0131n Devrimci Fikirleri<\/strong>, Antikapitalist Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2009, s. 102<\/p>\n

22. Zombi Kapitalizm, s. 303<\/p>\n

23. Yukar\u0131daki gibi.<\/p>\n

24. A. Callinicos, C. Harman<\/em>; De\u011fi\u015fen \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131<\/strong>, s. 71, internet eri\u015fimi: http:\/\/marx-21.net\/?p=651<\/a><\/p>\n

25. Zombi Kapitalizm; s. 108<\/p>\n

26. A. Callinicos, C. Harman; De\u011fi\u015fen \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, s. 40<\/p>\n

27. Age, s. 31<\/p>\n

28. Dan Swain, Yabanc\u0131la\u015fma, Marx21 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2013, s. 36<\/p>\n

29. Veriler OECD\u2019nin web sitesinde yay\u0131mlanan Government at a Glance 2011 isimli raporda (http:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/sites\/gov_glance-2011-en\/03\/04\/index.html?itemId=\/content\/chapter\/gov_glance-2011-10-en<\/a>) yer alan tablodan al\u0131nd\u0131. Excel dosyas\u0131n\u0131n linki: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1787\/888932389873. Tabloda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 2000 y\u0131l\u0131 oran\u0131 yer alm\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

30. Devlet Personel Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 verileri; NTV\u2019nin web sitesinde yer alan \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2 milyona yak\u0131n memur var\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 haberden al\u0131nd\u0131 (http:\/\/www.ntv.com.tr\/arsiv\/id\/25333848<\/a>).<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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