{"id":1904,"date":"2021-03-28T21:35:57","date_gmt":"2021-03-28T18:35:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/?p=1904"},"modified":"2021-04-01T20:14:53","modified_gmt":"2021-04-01T17:14:53","slug":"antroposenle-yuzlesmek-felaket-esigi-mi-otesi-mi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/?p=1904","title":{"rendered":"Fosil Kapitalizm ve D\u00fcnya Sisteminin Krizi: Antroposen\u2019le Y\u00fczle\u015fmek"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Kanadal\u0131 eko-sosyalist aktivist Ian Angus\u2019\u0131n ilk defa 2016\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan ve \u015fimdiye kadar Hint\u00e7e\u2019den Korece ve Almanca\u2019ya kadar pek \u00e7ok dile \u00e7evrilmi\u015f olan \u201cAntroposen\u2019le Y\u00fczle\u015fmek \u2013 Fosil Kapitalizm ve D\u00fcnya Sisteminin Krizi\u201d kitab\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye de \u00e7evrildi ve yay\u0131mland\u0131. Ekolojik m\u00fccadele ile sosyalist m\u00fccadeleyi birle\u015ftirme hedefiyle kaleme al\u0131nan bu kitap, \u00fclkedeki ve d\u00fcnyadaki muhalefet hareketi i\u00e7in pek \u00e7ok \u00f6n a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 unsur ta\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Angus\u2019\u0131n kitab\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mdan olu\u015fuyor. \u201cAnalog Olmayan Evre\u201d ismini ta\u015f\u0131yan ilk k\u0131s\u0131mda Angus, Antroposen kavram\u0131n\u0131n ve olgusunun jeoloji ve d\u00fcnya bilimi temelinde geli\u015fimini ele al\u0131yor. 6 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fan bu k\u0131s\u0131mda kendine d\u00fcnyay\u0131 konu edinen farkl\u0131 bilim dallar\u0131nda (jeoloji, iklim bilim, ekoloji vd) faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fcten bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n disiplinler aras\u0131 bir i\u015fbirli\u011fi ile d\u00fcnyay\u0131 birbiriyle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k etkile\u015fim i\u00e7inde olan bir sistemler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc (veya alt sistemlerden olu\u015fan entegre bir sistem) olarak ele almaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 ifade ediliyor. D\u00fcnya sistemi ismi verilen bu \u201csistemlerin sistemi\u201d yap\u0131 son y\u0131llarda giderek daha fazla \u00fczerinde ortak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bir alan ve y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u015fu ger\u00e7e\u011fin alt\u0131n\u0131 kara kara \u00e7iziyor: Bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak d\u00fcnya ve onun \u00fcst\u00fcnde ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar ve eko-sistemlerin hayat\u0131 korkun\u00e7 bir tehditle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asl\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle Covid-19 pandemisinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 krizle birlikte bu durum pek\u00e7o\u011fumuzun malumu art\u0131k. Angus, kitab\u0131n\u0131n ilk k\u0131sm\u0131nda genel ekolojik krizin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 zengin bir bilimsel arka plan e\u015fli\u011finde okuyucunun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekolojik krizin k\u00f6kleri 18. yy.\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sanayi devrimine kadar uzan\u0131yor. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Britanya\u2019da \u00f6nce tekstil sanayisinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u201ckitlesel\/fabrikasyon \u00fcretim\u201d tekni\u011fi ilerleyen y\u0131llarda ba\u015fka sekt\u00f6rlere ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelere yay\u0131ld\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemin simgesi olan buharl\u0131 makinalar\u0131n temel enerji kayna\u011f\u0131, yak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda atmosfere yo\u011fun karbondioksit ve di\u011fer sera gazlar\u0131n\u0131 ve zehirli partik\u00fclleri yayan k\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fc. B\u00f6ylece Britanya\u2019n\u0131n liman\/sanayi \u015fehirlerinde ba\u015f g\u00f6steren hava kirlili\u011fi \u00f6nce Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer kentlerine ve Amerika\u2019ya ve sonra da neredeyse t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya ihra\u00e7 edilmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7ten patlamal\u0131 motorun icad\u0131 t\u00fcm bu manzaray\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131. Ekolojik dengenin bozulmas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fiddetlenmesini ifade eden \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck H\u0131zlanma\u201d olgusu, d\u00fcnyada sanayile\u015fmenin, kentle\u015fmenin ve tar\u0131mda yapay g\u00fcbre ve zehir kullan\u0131m\u0131n artmas\u0131 gibi hususlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda i\u00e7ten patlamal\u0131 motorun kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kitab\u0131n 57. sayfas\u0131nda d\u00fcnya sistemindeki bozulmay\u0131 g\u00f6steren grafikler (atmosferdeki karbondioksit miktar\u0131, tropik orman kayb\u0131, metan miktar\u0131 vb) ile 58. sayfas\u0131nda yer alan \u00e7e\u015fitli sosyoekonomik y\u00f6nelimleri g\u00f6steren grafiklerin (n\u00fcfus, ula\u015f\u0131m, g\u00fcbre t\u00fcketimi vb) ortak noktas\u0131 hemen hepsinin 1950\u2019lerden itibaren yukar\u0131 y\u00f6nde hareketleniyor olmas\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kapitalist ekonomi b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e d\u00fcnya sistemi \u00fcst\u00fcndeki bas\u0131n\u00e7 art\u0131yor. Son y\u0131llarda \u00f6zellikle fosil yak\u0131t ve gazlara dayal\u0131 enerji \u00fcretimi ve t\u00fcketimi iklim krizinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorumlular\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitab\u0131n birinci k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde var olan ekonomik-politik e\u011filimlerin devam\u0131 halinde 2100\u2019e gelmeden ortalama k\u00fcresel s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sanayi \u00f6ncesi ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n 2 derecenin de \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n kesin oldu\u011fu ortaya konuluyor. \u00dcstelik baz\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131 +4 derecelik \u0131s\u0131nma (hatta daha da \u00f6tesinden) olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsediyor ki \u015fu anda bile sanayi \u00f6ncesine g\u00f6re yakla\u015f\u0131k +1 derecelik \u0131s\u0131nma s\u00f6z konusuyken bile neredeyse her g\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik b\u00f6lgelerinden felaket haberleri al\u0131yoruz. B\u00f6yle devam ederse d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir taraf\u0131 kas\u0131rgalarla bo\u011fu\u015furken ayn\u0131 anda ba\u015fka bir yerin susuzluktan k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u201cyeni normal\u201d halini alacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitab\u0131n \u201cFosil Kapitalizm\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ikinci k\u0131sm\u0131nda Angus, ekolojik krizin ger\u00e7ek sorumlusu olan ekonomik-politik sistemin -kapitalizmin- i\u015fleyi\u015fini ve do\u011fa ve insan toplumu \u00fczerinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahribat\u0131 tarihsel bir geli\u015fim \u00e7izgisi izleyerek g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor. En ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren sanayi kapitalizminin fosil yak\u0131tlara olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n giderek artmas\u0131 bu k\u0131sm\u0131n konular\u0131 aras\u0131nda. Kapitalizm do\u011fay\u0131 tahrip ederken ayn\u0131 zamanda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumsal e\u015fitsizlik ve adaletsizlik de giderek art\u0131yor. \u00dcstelik ekolojik krizin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131mdan ka\u00e7mak isteyenler m\u00fclteci ak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oluyorlar ve gittikleri \u00fclkelerde de g\u00fcnah ke\u00e7isi ilan ediliyorlar. Bu, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k sorununun artmas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getiriyor. Bununla birlikte do\u011fan\u0131n tahribinde her \u201cinsan\u201d e\u015fit paya sahip de\u011fil. Angus, kitab\u0131n\u0131n giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Amerikal\u0131 \u00f6nc\u00fc ekolojist Barry Commoner\u2019dan yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fu al\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 kitab\u0131n ikinci k\u0131sm\u0131nda tarihsel veriler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda etrafl\u0131ca a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor: \u201cD\u00fcnya, ne insan \u00f6zellikle pis bir hayvan t\u00fcr\u00fc oldu\u011fu ne de say\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7ok fazla oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in kirleniyor. Kusurlu olan toplum; insan eme\u011fi ile gezegenin kaynaklar\u0131ndan elde edilen zenginli\u011fin yarat\u0131lmas\u0131, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 ve kullan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilen yollar hatal\u0131. Krizin sosyal k\u00f6kenleri bir kez a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bunu \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in gerekli toplumsal eylemleri tasarlamaya ba\u015flayabiliriz<\/em>\u201d (s. 27). Kapitalist ekonomi b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e ve yay\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a ekolojik kriz de derinle\u015fti. Bu durum kapitalizmin kar merkezli ve k\u0131sa vadeli yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu. Miyopluk, kapitalizme i\u00e7kin bir \u00f6zellik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitab\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc k\u0131sm\u0131 \u201cAlternatif\u201di tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Angus, bu k\u0131s\u0131mda piyasa merkezli \u201c\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler\u201de kar\u015f\u0131 antikapitalist alternatifi in\u015fa etme \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltiyor. Bu k\u0131s\u0131mda ekolojik m\u00fccadelenin marksizme, marksizmin de ekolojik perspektife kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131 ortaya seriliyor. D\u00fcnyay\u0131 kurtarmak ile kapitalizmden kurtulman\u0131n e\u015fzamanl\u0131 ve el ele olmas\u0131 bu k\u0131sm\u0131n temel nosyonu. Kar merkezli de\u011fil insani dayan\u0131\u015fma merkezli yeni bir toplumsal yap\u0131n\u0131n gereklili\u011fi \u00fcst\u00fcnde duran Angus, kapitalist ideolojinin aksine dayan\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ve ortak hareket etmenin insana i\u00e7kin bir \u00f6zellik oldu\u011funu ortaya koyuyor. \u0130nsani ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131n illa ki ekolojik sorunlara yol a\u00e7mak zorunda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispatl\u0131yor. Bu y\u00fczden \u201cinsani\u201d bir d\u00fcnya ayn\u0131 zamanda ekolojik dengenin korunmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu bir gezegen anlam\u0131n\u0131 da ta\u015f\u0131yor. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u201cekolojik\u201d bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn, cinsiyet ve \u0131rk ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131, kararlar\u0131n tabandan al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, demokratik bir toplum oldu\u011funun\/olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7iziyor. Sosyalizmin demokratik \u00f6z\u00fcne sahip \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekososyalist bir devrim az\u0131nl\u0131kla yap\u0131lamaz. Ne kadar iyi niyetli olurlarsa olsunlar politikac\u0131lar ve b\u00fcrokratlar taraf\u0131ndan dayat\u0131lamaz. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun aktif kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na gereksinim var. Marx\u2019\u0131n me\u015fhur s\u00f6zleriyle \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kurtulu\u015fu, kendi eseri\u201d olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Bu basit\u00e7e sadece demokrasi ahlaki olarak \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda gerekli de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan en geni\u015f insan kitleleri taraf\u0131ndan aktif olarak desteklenmeden, yarat\u0131lmadan ve uygulanmadan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilemeyece\u011fi ve uzun s\u00fcreli olamayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in.<\/em> (s. 252)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7ta kapitalizm devam etti\u011fi m\u00fcddet\u00e7e ne yabanc\u0131la\u015fma (insan\u0131n kendine ve insani \u00f6zelliklere uzakla\u015fmas\u0131) ne de yabanc\u0131la\u015fmayla paralel ilerleyen ve ekolojik krizin temelinde yer alan \u201cmetabolik yar\u0131k\u201d (bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak d\u00fcnya sisteminin ve toplumun i\u015fleyi\u015finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan kopukluk) sorunlar\u0131 ortadan kalkmayacak. Art\u0131k d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sonunun gelmesi sadece bilim-kurgu edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n bir konusu olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden Angus \u00e7ok hakl\u0131 olarak Macaristan as\u0131ll\u0131 marksist Istv\u00e1n M\u00e9sz\u00e1ros\u2019tan \u015fu al\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 yap\u0131yor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fer Rosa Luxemburg\u2019un \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerini \u015fimdi y\u00fcz y\u00fcze oldu\u011fumuz tehlikelere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirmem gerekseydi \u201cya sosyalizm ya barbarl\u0131k\u201d c\u00fcmlesine \u015fu \u015fart\u0131 eklerdim: \u201ce\u011fer \u015fansl\u0131ysak barbarl\u0131k\u201d. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u00fcmden yok edilmesi, sermayenin y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 geli\u015fme yolunun nihai ve do\u011fal sonucudur. <\/em>(s. 222)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitab\u0131 https:\/\/urun.n11.com\/politika-ve-siyaset\/antroposenle-yuzlesmek-P478802897<\/a> adresinden temin edebilirsiniz..<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kanadal\u0131 eko-sosyalist aktivist Ian Angus\u2019\u0131n ilk defa 2016\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan ve \u015fimdiye kadar Hint\u00e7e\u2019den Korece ve Almanca\u2019ya kadar pek \u00e7ok dile \u00e7evrilmi\u015f olan \u201cAntroposen\u2019le Y\u00fczle\u015fmek \u2013 Fosil Kapitalizm ve D\u00fcnya Sisteminin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1905,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[650,622,651,652,623,649],"class_list":["post-1904","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kitaplar","tag-antroposenle-yuzlesmek","tag-cevre","tag-doga","tag-ekolojik-yarik","tag-ekososyalist","tag-ian-angus"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1904","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1904"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1904\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1910,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1904\/revisions\/1910"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1905"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1904"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1904"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1904"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}