{"id":1768,"date":"2020-08-24T12:43:49","date_gmt":"2020-08-24T09:43:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/?p=1768"},"modified":"2021-04-01T20:48:46","modified_gmt":"2021-04-01T17:48:46","slug":"uclu-kriz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/?p=1768","title":{"rendered":"\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc Kriz"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Marx, devrimlerin d\u00fcnya tarihinin lokomotifi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti. Ama belki de ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Belki de devrimler bu trendeki yolcular\u0131n -insan \u0131rk\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan- imdat frenine basma giri\u015fimidir.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Walter Benjamin, 1940, \u201cTarih Kavram\u0131 \u00dczerine\u201d<\/strong>[1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alman Marksist Walter Benjamin\u2019in stalinizmden hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na u\u011framas\u0131 ve Nazi rejiminin pen\u00e7elerinden ka\u00e7ma \u00e7abas\u0131 ile intihar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 1940\u2019ta yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bu s\u00f6zlerinin devrimci solun stratejilerini belirlemek i\u00e7in her zaman a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 karamsar oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Yine de 80 y\u0131l sonra bile insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kayda de\u011fer bir az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kapitalizmin u\u00e7uruma yuvarland\u0131\u011f\u0131 -ve bizi de beraberinde s\u00fcr\u00fckledi\u011fi- hissi var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neyse ki bu his yaln\u0131zca \u00e7aresizli\u011fe de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda isyana da yol a\u00e7abiliyor. Bunun en a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6stergesi 25 May\u0131s\u2019ta Minneapolis\u2019te \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen siyahi bir Amerikal\u0131 olan George Floyd\u2019un polis taraf\u0131ndan katledilmesine olan tepki. Boynu 8 dakika 46 saniye boyunca bir polis memurunun dizleri alt\u0131nda ezildi. Kitlesel toplanmalar\u0131 engelleyen k\u00fcresel salg\u0131na ra\u011fmen ABD\u2019de 806 kasaba ve \u015fehirde protestolar patlak verdi. Yeniden dirilen Siyah Hayatlar De\u011ferlidir<\/em> (Black Lives Matter) hareketinin boyutu, cinayet sonras\u0131 on g\u00fcnde 10 binin \u00fczerindeki tutuklama say\u0131s\u0131na yans\u0131maktad\u0131r.[2]<\/a> Hareket do\u011frudan \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa maruz kalanlar\u0131n \u00f6tesine uzan\u0131yor. ABD\u2019deki \u00fc\u00e7 protestoya ait ilk veriler kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131ndan biraz fazlas\u0131n\u0131n beyaz oldu\u011funu ortaya koyuyor. Destek, az\u0131nl\u0131k n\u00fcfusta yo\u011funla\u015fsa da beyaz Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n %60\u2019\u0131 hareketi destekliyor.[3]<\/a> Bu, ba\u015far\u0131lar elde eden de bir hareket; \u00f6zellikle cinayete kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f polis memurlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda kavu\u015fturma a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ve polis departman\u0131n\u0131n \u201c\u00f6deneklerinin kesilmesi\u201d talepleriyle. \u00d6deneklerin kesilmesi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 daha \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 politik fig\u00fcrler taraf\u0131ndan polis reformu ya da polis b\u00fct\u00e7esinde kesinti olarak yeniden yorumlansa da protestocular aras\u0131ndaki duygu ABD solunun eskiden beri s\u00fcregelen polisin ve hapishane sisteminin la\u011fvedilmesi taleplerine daha yak\u0131n.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neden George Floyd\u2019un \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi b\u00f6ylesi bir \u00f6fkeyi \u2013sadece ABD\u2019de de\u011fil, 67 \u00fclkede ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen protestolarla k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde- a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131 ? Her ne kadar bu \u00f6l\u00fcm \u00f6zellikle korkun\u00e7 olsa da \u2013ve kamerada yakalansa da- ge\u00e7en y\u0131l ABD polisinin ellerinde 1000\u2019in \u00fczerinde \u00f6l\u00fcm ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti ve siyahlar\u0131n \u00f6lme oran\u0131 beyazlardan 3 kat daha fazla. \u0130syan k\u0131smen ABD’de tahmini 27 milyon insan\u0131n (n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 8’inin) 2017’den beri protesto etti\u011fi Donald Trump\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fan korku ve tiksinmeyi yans\u0131t\u0131yor.[5]<\/a> \u00dcstelik Trump bilin\u00e7li olarak \u0131rksal gerilimi art\u0131r\u0131yor. Dibe vuran bir ekonomi ve Covid-19\u2019u k\u00f6t\u00fc idare etmenin korkun\u00e7 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan Trump, bu sonbahar ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imleri \u00f6ncesi 2016 oyun kitab\u0131na geri d\u00f6n\u00fcyor: Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fe ba\u015fvurarak taraftar toplama. ABD\u2019de k\u00f6lelikten kurtulu\u015fun kutland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir g\u00fcn olan Juneteenth<\/em> g\u00fcn\u00fcnde (19 Haziran) Tulsa\u2019da bir miting planlamas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fka bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 yok. Tulsa 1921\u2019de siyahlar\u0131n al\u00e7ak\u00e7a katledildi\u011fi yerdi. G\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015f bir beyaz \u00e7ete u\u00e7ak ve taramal\u0131 t\u00fcfek kullanarak 300\u2019den fazla ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc ve binlerce ki\u015fiyi evlerinde yakt\u0131.[6]<\/a> Etkinlikte miting, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n Trump\u2019\u0131n \u201csol-kanat radikalleri\u201d ve \u201cKung gribi\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u00c7in vir\u00fcs\u00fc\u201dn\u00fc k\u00f6t\u00fcledi\u011fi ve yetkililere raporlanm\u0131\u015f vakalar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in Covid-19 testlerini yava\u015flatmalar\u0131n\u0131 emretti\u011fi iddias\u0131n\u0131 dinleyebilecekleri 20 Haziran\u2019a kadar ertelendi.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak m\u00fccadelenin \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi, militanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve k\u00fcresel geni\u015fli\u011fi sadece Trump\u2019a olan kuvvetli tepkiyi ve polisin \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 birikmi\u015f \u00f6fkeyi yans\u0131tm\u0131yor; ayn\u0131 zamanda kapitalizmin istikrar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131ran daha genel bir kriz hissini de yans\u0131t\u0131yor. \u015eahit oldu\u011fumuz \u015fey b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle d\u0131\u015f hatlar\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki d\u00f6nem sistemkar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hareketleri bi\u00e7imlendirecek olan sistemin bir \u201c\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc krizi\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birinci Kriz: Pandemi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bu krizin ilk boyutu Covid-19. International Socialism<\/em>\u2019in bir \u00f6nceki say\u0131s\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131m gibi \u201cbu boyuttaki bir pandemi kapitalizmin \u00f6nceden var olan fay hatlar\u0131n\u0131 derinle\u015ftirir<\/em>\u201d.[8]<\/a> Bu fay hatlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki anahtar, i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7en \u0131rk ve s\u0131n\u0131f kategorileridir. Ya\u015f ve sa\u011fl\u0131k durumundan sonra \u0131rk ve s\u0131n\u0131f, kimin ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131 ve kimin \u00f6lece\u011fi konusunda temel belirleyicilerdir. S\u0131n\u0131f karakteri Britanya Ulusal \u0130statistik Ofisi\u2019nin (British Office for National Statistics – ONS<\/em>) i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn en yoksul \u00fc\u00e7te ikisinin d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnden fazlas\u0131n\u0131n koronavir\u00fcse y\u00fcksek veya orta derecede maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilen mesleklerde bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6steren analizlerinde a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn en zengin be\u015fte biri i\u00e7in bu yar\u0131dan daha aza d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Irksal boyutu da giderek daha a\u00e7\u0131k hale geliyor. Gary Younge\u2019\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi: \u201c\u2018Nefes alam\u0131yorum\u2019 slogan\u0131nda -George Floyd\u2019un polis memuru bo\u011faz\u0131na dizleriyle bast\u0131r\u0131rken son s\u00f6zleri aras\u0131nda- devlet \u015fiddetinin en sert formlar\u0131 ile salg\u0131n hastalar\u0131n\u0131n daha s\u0131radan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda birle\u015ftirici bir doku var<\/em>\u201d.[10]<\/a> Ya\u015f ayarlamas\u0131 yap\u0131lan ABD verileri, siyahlar\u0131n Covid-19\u2019dan \u00f6lme ihtimalinin beyazlara g\u00f6re 3,6 kat, Hispanik\/Latin k\u00f6kenli (Latinx) olanlar\u0131n ise 2,5 kat daha fazla oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Benzer bi\u00e7imde bir ONS raporu, yine ya\u015f ayarlamas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere ve Galler\u2019de siyahlar\u0131n Covid-19\u2019dan \u00f6lme ihtimalinin beyazlardan 4 kat daha fazla oldu\u011funa, Banglade\u015f ve Pakistan k\u00f6kenlilerin ise kabaca 3,5 kat daha fazla oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyor. Bu rakamlar \u201cb\u00f6lge, k\u0131rsal ve \u015fehirsel s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma, b\u00f6lgesel yoksunluk, hane kompozisyonu, sosyo-ekonomik durum, e\u011fitim durumu, hanehalk\u0131 tasarrufu ve sa\u011fl\u0131k durumu veya engelli olmaya\u201d g\u00f6re de ayarland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda farklar sert bi\u00e7imde azal\u0131yor. Yine de hem siyahlar hem de Banglade\u015f veya Pakistan k\u00f6kenli olanlar\u0131n \u00f6lme ihtimali hala neredeyse iki kat.[12]<\/a> NHS England<\/em> (\u0130ngiltere Ulusal Sa\u011fl\u0131k Hizmeti) ad\u0131na y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen daha geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma benzer sonu\u00e7lar g\u00f6sterdi.[13]<\/a> Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle az\u0131nl\u0131k gruplar\u0131n\u0131n daha fazla ac\u0131 \u00e7ekmesinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedeni yoksunlu\u011fa itilme e\u011filimi, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kalabal\u0131k bar\u0131nma, yo\u011fun n\u00fcfuslu alanlar, ileri hat i\u015fler ve daha \u00f6nceden k\u00f6t\u00fc sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunu ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131. Bu pek \u00e7ok beyaz i\u015f\u00e7i i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli olsa da beyaz olmayan k\u00f6kenden gelenler i\u00e7in orant\u0131s\u0131z bir durum s\u00f6z konusu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Covid-19 \u00f6l\u00fcmleri i\u00e7in rezid\u00fcel \u201cetnik ceza\u201d konusunda spek\u00fclasyonlar yap\u0131lmakta ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 genetik yatk\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011funu iddia etmekte. Bu reddedilemez; baz\u0131 hastal\u0131klar belli gruplar\u0131 orant\u0131s\u0131z \u015fekilde etkiler. Ancak bu t\u00fcr a\u00e7\u0131klamalara ba\u015fvurmadan \u00f6nce mevcut \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda tam olarak yans\u0131t\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f ba\u015fka fakt\u00f6rler var. Bunlar az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n y\u00f6nlendirildikleri i\u015flerin daha hassas bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirilmesini i\u00e7erir. ONS ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n kendileri orant\u0131s\u0131z y\u00fckseklikte say\u0131larda Banglade\u015f ve Pakistan k\u00f6kenli insanlar\u0131n \u015fof\u00f6r olarak ve ula\u015f\u0131mda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor.[14]<\/a> Benzer bi\u00e7imde ABD\u2019li bir yazar n\u00fcfusun %13\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan siyahlar\u0131n \u201cotob\u00fcs \u015fof\u00f6rlerinin %30\u2019unu, t\u00fcm g\u0131da sekt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n, hizmetlilerin, kasiyerlerin ve istif\u00e7ilerin yakla\u015f\u0131k %20\u2019sini temsil ediyor<\/em>\u201d olduklar\u0131na i\u015faret etmektedir.[15]<\/a> Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sisteminin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 etkiledi\u011fi bilinen \u0131rksal bask\u0131 ile tetiklenen stres gibi daha soyut etkenleri de ekleyebiliriz.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kinci Kriz: \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pandemi krizi \u015fimdi ikinci bir krizle kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumda: Ekonomik kriz -International Soscialism\u2019in bu say\u0131s\u0131nda Micheal Roberts taraf\u0131ndan tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. \u0130ngiltere Merkez Bankas\u0131 Britanya\u2019n\u0131n 1706\u2019dan bu yana en sert k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmeyi ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin ediyor \u2013300 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesi Britanya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tar\u0131msal bir \u00fclke oldu\u011funu ve o y\u0131lki durgunlu\u011fun k\u00f6t\u00fc hasat\u0131n sonucu ve \u0130spanya Veraset Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n etkisi oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek sonu\u00e7 olarak anlams\u0131z bir kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma.[17]<\/a> \u015eimdiye kadar pandeminin acil sorunlar\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetin izin tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirici etkisiyle kriz tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 daralman\u0131n daha hafif ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 2008-9\u2019daki d\u00f6neme g\u00f6re daha sessiz ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti, ama art\u0131k belirginle\u015fiyor. Ger\u00e7ekten de izin tasar\u0131s\u0131 geri \u00e7ekilirken bir anket, i\u015fverenlerin be\u015fte birinin i\u015f\u00e7ileri i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.[18]<\/a> ABD\u2019de, baz\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde ve K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney\u2019in \u00e7o\u011funda oldu\u011fu gibi i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131 i\u015fyerlerinin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 riskine a\u00e7\u0131k hale geldi. ABD\u2019de i\u015fsizlik Nisan\u2019da %14,7\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, bu rakamlar en son B\u00fcy\u00fck Buhran\u2019\u0131n d\u00f6neminde g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretim alanlar\u0131n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 talepteki \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fle birle\u015ferek daralmay\u0131 tetikledi, ama t\u00fcm yenili\u011fine ra\u011fmen bu kriz kapitalizmin uzun d\u00f6nemli durgunluk tarihinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r[19]<\/a> K\u00f6kleri sava\u015f sonras\u0131 y\u0131llardaki karl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n 1970\u2019lerde ve erken 1980\u2019lerdeki krizler s\u0131ras\u0131nda dibe vuran uzun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde yatmaktad\u0131r. Neoliberal politikalara y\u00f6neli\u015fle birlikte eme\u011fin \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131y\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma giri\u015fimlerine finans\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 geni\u015flemesi e\u015flik etti. Merkez \u00fclkelerde kapitalizm, s\u00fcrekli b\u00fcy\u00fcme i\u00e7in krediye her zamankinden daha ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale geldi. Sistem ne zaman bocalasa krizler mali yard\u0131mlarla kurtar\u0131ld\u0131. 2001\u2019deki dot-com balonunun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve 11 Eyl\u00fcl sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tetiklenen durgunlu\u011fa yan\u0131t olarak Amerikan Merkez Bankas\u0131 faiz oranlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc; bu, 2008-9 krizinin h\u0131zlanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an emlak piyasas\u0131nda yeni bir balon olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden oldu. Bu kriz s\u0131rayla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve negatif faiz oranlar\u0131yla parasal gev\u015feme ve b\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalist g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan tasarlanan bir dizi kurtarma ile kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. \u015eu ana dek \u00c7in bu kategorideydi ve bir yandan kredi geni\u015flemesine izin verirken en b\u00fcy\u00fck te\u015fvik paketlerinden birini a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devlet-merkez bankas\u0131 komplekslerinin b\u00f6ylesi eylemleri sistemi giderek daha k\u0131r\u0131lgan hale getirdi. K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney\u2019in \u00e7o\u011funda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bor\u00e7 art\u0131\u015f\u0131 var. \u00c7in gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomiler i\u00e7in bile manevra alan\u0131 azal\u0131yor, ABD ve Britanya gibi \u00fclkelerde \u00e7ok say\u0131da zombi \u015firket sadece bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyerek hayatta kalabiliyorlar ve \u015fimdi iflasla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yalar. Dahas\u0131, devletler kendilerini tarihsel olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck faiz oranlar\u0131 ve muazzam merkez bankas\u0131 bilan\u00e7olar\u0131 olan bir d\u00fcnyada buluyorlar. Krizi kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in ba\u015fka ne m\u00fchimmatlar\u0131 var? Sonu\u00e7; kurumsal ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar ve kredi garantilerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yeni veya yenilenmi\u015f parasal gev\u015feme programlar\u0131 sunan devletlerin ekonomiye do\u011frudan m\u00fcdahalesi oldu. Verili durumda bu metotlar\u0131n krizin verdi\u011fi hasar\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelecek yeterince g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir iyile\u015fme sa\u011flamas\u0131 pek de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. \u0130\u015fe yarad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha fazla k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131k ve kredi ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaratarak gelecekte yeni krizlere yol a\u00e7malar\u0131 muhtemel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devlet m\u00fcdahalesinin \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi ilave iki uzun vadeli sorunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmakta. Birinci mesele devletin bu c\u00f6mertli\u011fini kimin kar\u015f\u0131layaca\u011f\u0131. 2008-9 krizi sonras\u0131 devletler ekonomiye m\u00fcdahale ettik\u00e7e neolibaralizm ile ba\u011f\u0131n kopar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve belki de keynes\u00e7ili\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc m\u00fcjdeleyen pek \u00e7ok insan vard\u0131; ama ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen s\u00fcrekli ve ac\u0131mas\u0131z kemer s\u0131kma idi. Bu sefer James Meadway gibi yorumcular Britanya Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Boris Johnson\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn herhangi bir toparlanmay\u0131 engellemekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmak ve 2019 genel se\u00e7imlerinde eski \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi merkezlerinden Muhafazakar Parti\u2019ye kazan\u0131lan se\u00e7menleri kaybetmemek i\u00e7in harcamalar\u0131 art\u0131rmak oldu\u011funu tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Hazine yetkilileri de art\u0131k bor\u00e7-GSY\u0130H oranlar\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak daha y\u00fcksek olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul ediyor.[20]<\/a> Yine de h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin harcamalar\u0131 k\u0131sma bask\u0131s\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmalar\u0131 \u00e7ok da kolay olmayabilir. Daily Telegraph\u2019a s\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131lan bir hazine de\u011ferlendirmesi, maliye bakan\u0131 Rishi Sunak\u2019\u0131n se\u00e7enekleri aras\u0131nda gelir vergisini art\u0131rma, emeklili\u011fe sald\u0131r\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k kesintileri ve kamu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde yeni bir \u00fccret dondurma uygulamas\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtiyor.[21]<\/a> \u00dcniversiteler gibi baz\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 listeye eklenebilir. Bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n, toparlanman\u0131n Hazine’nin daha iyimser senaryolar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nerdi\u011fi \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemesi durumunda olmas\u0131 muhtemeldir ve uzun vadeli yap\u0131sal a\u00e7\u0131klara yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dahas\u0131, s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015f finansal sistemler d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda devletlerin bor\u00e7 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahvil piyasalar\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcmetlere bor\u00e7 seviyelerini kontrol etmek ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bor\u00e7lanma maliyetlerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in birbirleriyle rekabet etmeleri i\u00e7in bask\u0131 uygulayabilir. B\u00f6ylesi bir \u015fey on y\u0131l \u00f6nce Euro b\u00f6lgesi bor\u00e7 krizi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ya\u015fand\u0131 ve Avrupa Merkez Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son raporlar\u0131nda bunun yank\u0131lar\u0131 var. May\u0131s ay\u0131nda Avrupa Merkez Bankas\u0131 “kamu bor\u00e7 seviyelerindeki art\u0131\u015f\u0131n … piyasa kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00fclke riskinin yeniden de\u011ferlendirilmesini tetikleyebilece\u011fi ve daha savunmas\u0131z iktidarlar \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131lar\u0131 yeniden alevlendirebilece\u011fi<\/em>” konusunda uyard\u0131. Kamu finansman\u0131n hali haz\u0131rda \u201cs\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez yolda<\/em>\u201d oldu\u011funu ve uzun s\u00fcreli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclme halinde daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyecek kadar ileri gitti.[22]<\/a> Benzer bi\u00e7imde ABD\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fcme oranlar\u0131 belirgin bi\u00e7imde faiz oranlar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ferse veya h\u00fck\u00fcmet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck faiz oranlar\u0131na harcamalar\u0131 art\u0131rarak ve vergileri keserek yan\u0131t verirse bor\u00e7 krizi aniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir.[23]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ekonomik bask\u0131lar ikinci soruna yol a\u00e7\u0131yor: uygulamaya ge\u00e7ilen \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Yeniden A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u201d\u0131n . Britanya\u2019da Mart 2020\u2019de en nihayetinde uygulamaya konan karantina b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rahatlama ile kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Nisan ay\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir anket Britanya\u2019n\u0131n Kanada ile birlikte, vir\u00fcs kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131namaz ise i\u015fyerlerinin kapal\u0131 kalmas\u0131 fikrine en y\u00fcksek (%70) deste\u011fe sahip oldu\u011funu ortaya koydu.[24]<\/a> Johnson\u2019\u0131n ekonomiyi yeniden a\u00e7ma ve sermayeye kar ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yeniden sa\u011flama y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki m\u00fcteakip \u00e7abalar\u0131 kamuoyu deste\u011fini azaltt\u0131 – Mart sonundaki y\u00fczde 29’luk art\u0131\u015f Haziran sonundaki y\u00fczde 5’lik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.[25]<\/a> Johnson y\u00f6netiminin beceriksizli\u011fi ve ukalal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sembol\u00fc ba\u015f dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 Dominic Cummings\u2019in -elit kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 put k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k k\u0131l\u0131f\u0131na giydirilmi\u015f teknokratik bo\u015f bo\u011fazl\u0131l\u0131k art\u0131k devlet\u00e7ilik say\u0131l\u0131yor- Covid yasaklar\u0131 ortas\u0131nda Londra\u2019dan \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin kuzeydo\u011fusundaki Durham\u2019a araba ile seyahat etti\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.[26]<\/a> Bir d\u00fczineden fazla piskoposun k\u0131namas\u0131 ve 45 Muhafazak\u00e2r milletvekili taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6revden al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 dahil ele\u015ftiri ya\u011fmuruna ra\u011fmen Johnson, Cummings’i tuttu. Bu, Johnson\u2019\u0131n budalala\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda Cummings\u2019in dehas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Cummings, Johnson’\u0131n kabinesinin \u00e7ekirde\u011fi olan \u00f6nde gelen Thatcherc\u0131 Brexit\u00e7ileri, tipik olarak daha fazla devlet refah\u0131 ve kamu harcamas\u0131n\u0131 destekleyen Brexit yanl\u0131s\u0131 eski \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi se\u00e7menleriyle bir araya getirme stratejisinin ba\u015f mimar\u0131yd\u0131. Bu stratejinin B\u00fcy\u00fck Yeniden A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f ve da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k bir Brexit m\u00fczakeresinin s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerinden sa\u011f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p \u00e7\u0131kamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde g\u00fcndem yeniden a\u00e7\u0131lma. Kapitalist devletlerin birbirleri \u00fczerindeki rekabet bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kar etme mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00fcnyada ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc olamazd\u0131. Bu s\u00fcrecin sonucunun pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede ikinci dalga \u00f6l\u00fcmler olmas\u0131 muhtemel. British Medical Journal<\/em>\u2019da (Britanya T\u0131p Dergisi) yay\u0131nlanan bir mektup Britanya\u2019da \u201cikinci bir dalga\u201dn\u0131n \u201cger\u00e7ek bir risk\u201d oldu\u011funu savunuyor.[27]<\/a> Covid-19\u2019u kontrol giri\u015fimleri \u00f6v\u00fclen Almanya, \u00c7in ve G\u00fcney Kore yeni salg\u0131nlar\u0131n pen\u00e7esinde. Covid-19\u2019la m\u00fccadeleyi federal d\u00fczeye \u00e7ekmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnen ABD\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde birincinin devam\u0131 olarak ikinci bir dalgadan bahsetmek zor, baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde tepe noktas\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131rken, Kaliforniya, Teksas, Arizona, Florida ve Georgia gibi di\u011fer yerlerde h\u0131zlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletlerin devasa b\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcremedi\u011fi ve \u00e7ok az ya da hi\u00e7bir g\u00fcvencesi olmayan bir emek kitlesinin oldu\u011fu K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, B\u00fcy\u00fck Yeniden A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n insanlar\u0131n ac\u0131 \u00e7ekmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek bir bedeli olacak. Bu, \u00f6zellikle bula\u015f\u0131n katlanarak artmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen yeniden a\u00e7\u0131lan Brezilya ve Hindistan gibi \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kriz: Ekolojik Kriz<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Krizin ilk iki unsuru bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fcyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik: kapitalizmin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekolojik y\u0131k\u0131m. Bu derginin \u00f6nceki say\u0131s\u0131nda koronavir\u00fcsler, Ebola ve influenza gibi vir\u00fcslerin hayvanlardan insanlara zoonotik transferinin sermayenin yaban hayat\u0131 istilas\u0131yla \u00e7ok daha muhtemel hale geldi\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, Rob Wallace ve Mike Davis gibi yazarlar\u0131n izinden gittim. Bu istilalar hem hayvan t\u00fcrlerini eski habitatlardan yenilerine s\u00fcr\u00fcyor hem de yaban hayat\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli tar\u0131msal i\u015fletme ve k\u0131rsal i\u015fletmeler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor; bunlar yeni vir\u00fcs t\u00fcrlerinin geli\u015fmesine ve bunlar\u0131n insan topluluklar\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015flerine yol a\u00e7abilen s\u00fcre\u00e7ler.[28]<\/a> Benim bu yaz\u0131mdan sonra Thais Borges ve Sue Branford Brazilya\u2019da ormans\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan hastal\u0131klar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 takip etti ve ba\u015fka bir akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yaban hayat habitatlar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131n\u0131n av ve ticaret ile birlikte \u201chayvan-insan etkile\u015fimi potansiyelini\u201d art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cve zoonotik hastal\u0131klar\u0131n aktar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d konusunda kan\u0131tlar sundu.[29]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00e7ok daha kapsaml\u0131 bir ekolojik krizin bir y\u00fcz\u00fc, karma\u015f\u0131k ekolojik sistem ile benzer \u015fekilde karma\u015f\u0131k kapitalist mant\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00fcretim sistemi aras\u0131ndaki, John Bellamy Foster\u2019\u0131n adland\u0131rmas\u0131yla \u201cmetabolik yar\u0131k<\/em>\u201d\u0131n sonucu.[30]<\/a> Her ne kadar \u015fimdi uzun zaman \u00f6nce gibi gelse de 2019\u2019da Greta Thunberg\u2019den ilham alan \u00f6\u011frencilerin kitlesel okul grevlerini ve Londra semtlerini i\u015fgal eden Yokolu\u015f \u0130syan\u0131 (Extinction Rebellion) hareketini kutluyorduk. Bu konular\u0131n belirginli\u011fi azalmad\u0131. 2020\u2019nin Avusturalya\u2019da kontrol edilemeyen b\u00fcy\u00fck yang\u0131nlar, Brezilya ya\u011fmur orman\u0131 yang\u0131nlar\u0131 ve Endonezya\u2019da 60 bin insan\u0131 yerinden eden sellerle ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 unutmayal\u0131m. Yak\u0131n zamanda iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 hava olaylar\u0131, g\u0131da kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 mahvederek ve apokaliptik son duygusunu art\u0131rarak, \u00e7ekirge s\u00fcr\u00fclerini Do\u011fu Afrika, Asya ve Orta Do\u011fu boyunca s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni K\u00fcresel D\u00fczensizlik<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kriz k\u00fcresel politik sistemi daha da par\u00e7alamaktad\u0131r. Trump\u2019\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ABD hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn hem bir semptomu hem de h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r, ama \u015fimdi k\u00fcresel liderlik yapma iddias\u0131 da\u011f\u0131l\u0131yor. Trump\u2019\u0131n May\u0131s ay\u0131nda ABD\u2019nin D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019nden \u00e7ekilece\u011fi beyan\u0131 bunun \u00f6rne\u011fiydi. ABD hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131 emperyalistler aras\u0131 gerilimin daha da artmas\u0131na neden oluyor. Bunun en belirgin i\u015fareti ABD-\u00c7in ili\u015fkilerinin bozulmaya devam etmesi; ama ayr\u0131ca \u00c7in ve Hindistan aras\u0131nda hen\u00fcz k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 olsa da Bat\u0131 Himalayalar\u2019daki s\u0131n\u0131rda \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Bir de ABD ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi aras\u0131nda ticaret konusunda b\u00fcy\u00fcyen \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve Covid-19 krizinin ard\u0131ndan AB\u2019nin kendi i\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeleri var. Wolfgang M\u00fcnchau’nun iddia etti\u011fi gibi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD kendi teknoloji \u015firketlerinin tekel karlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131n\u0131n vergilendirmesini istemiyor. Almanlar, Rusya ile kirli bir do\u011falgaz boru hatt\u0131 anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kararl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek istiyor. AB otomotiv end\u00fcstrisini yabanc\u0131 rekabetten koruyor, ancak Donald Trump Avrupa otomobil ithalat\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde tehdit etti\u011finde nefes nefese kal\u0131yor. Bunlar h\u0131zla yakla\u015fan transatlantik ticaret \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015faretleridir.[31]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fka bir de\u011fi\u015fle \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve kapitalizmi s\u00fcrd\u00fcren di\u011fer bask\u0131 formlar\u0131n\u0131n e\u015flik etti\u011fi sermaye ve emek aras\u0131ndaki yap\u0131sal \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n derinle\u015fmesi yan\u0131nda sermaye ve devletler aras\u0131ndaki yatay \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n derinle\u015fmesine \u015fahit oluyoruz. \u0130kincisi, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firket kesimleri ile Trump y\u00f6netimi veya Brexit taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn gerilimleriyle birlikte kapitalist devletler, sermaye ile kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 bir ili\u015fkiye mahkum olarak son kertede rakipleriyle birikim ve kar elde etmek i\u00e7in en uygun ko\u015fullar\u0131 yaratmak \u00fczere yar\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar.[32]<\/a> Bu ba\u011flamda kapitalist sistem ya da kapitalist devletler i\u00e7in kabul edilebilir olana uyum sa\u011flayacak bir politika ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan m\u00fccadeleleri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseyecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ger\u00e7ekten de hareket ne kadar y\u00fckselirse ana ak\u0131m solun temsilcileri o kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Britanya\u2019da \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi lideri olarak Jeremy Corbyn\u2019in halefi olan Sir Keir Starmer\u2019dan, BLM g\u00f6stericilerinin Bristol\u2019da k\u00f6le taciri Edward Colston\u2019un bir heykelini devirip limana att\u0131klar\u0131 muhte\u015fem an hakk\u0131nda yorum yapmas\u0131 istendi. Starmer \u201ctamamen yanl\u0131\u015f\u201d yapt\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc bildirdi.[33]<\/a> Muhtemelen bir komite kibarca kaderini tart\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, s\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcp at\u0131lan heykelin yeniden dikilmesini isterdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne yaz\u0131k ki bu tekil bir hadise de\u011fil. Johnson h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ekonomiyi yeniden a\u00e7ma giri\u015fimlerinin ilk safhas\u0131, aileleri i\u015fe geri d\u00f6nebilsin diye \u00f6\u011frencileri ilkokullara d\u00f6nmeye zorlamakt\u0131. Ulusal E\u011fitim Sendikas\u0131 \u00fcyeleri i\u00e7in 20 bin ki\u015filik \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i organizasyon toplant\u0131s\u0131 d\u00fczenleyerek \u00f6\u011frencileri yeniden kabul etmek i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 bir dizi g\u00fcvenlik ko\u015fulu koydu. \u00d6\u011fretmenler ve velilerden gelen diren\u00e7 okullar\u0131 yeniden a\u00e7ma program\u0131n\u0131 Johnson i\u00e7in utan\u00e7 verici bir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k haline getirdi; 18 Haziran\u2019a kadar \u00f6\u011frencilerin sadece %12,2\u2019si okula devam ediyordu.[34]<\/a> Yine de Starmer kendini bu hareketin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda konumland\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi liderli\u011fini kazand\u0131ktan sonraki ilk giri\u015fimleri h\u00fck\u00fcmetin okullar\u0131n yeniden a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ncelemesi talebiydi.[35]<\/a> Ard\u0131ndan haziran ay\u0131 sonunda b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle kabinesinin en sol-kanat \u00fcyesi olan g\u00f6lge e\u011fitim sekreteri Rebecca Long-Bailey\u2019i g\u00f6revden ald\u0131. Bahanesi sosyal medyada akt\u00f6r Maxine Peake ile ortak bir r\u00f6portaj yapmas\u0131yd\u0131. R\u00f6portajda Peake, George Floyd\u2019u \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan boyuna dizle bast\u0131rma tekni\u011finin ABD polisine \u0130srail gizli servisi ile birlikte e\u011fitimleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretildi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Peake\u2019in iddialar\u0131n\u0131n detaylar\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f olabilir, ger\u00e7i Uluslararas\u0131 Af \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn i\u015faret etti\u011fi gibi ABD polisinin \u0130srail g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle birlikte e\u011fitim yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesinlikle do\u011fru. Ancak b\u00f6ylesi bir iddian\u0131n \u201cantisemitik komplo teorisi\u201d oldu\u011fu fikri, \u0130srail\u2019in en hafif ele\u015ftirisinin bile antisemitizm te\u015fkil etti\u011fi fikrini onaylamakt\u0131r. Bu tabi ki Corbyn ve daha geni\u015f solun itibar\u0131n\u0131 sarsmak ve Filistin ile dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 zay\u0131flatmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan \u00f6nemli bir taktiktir.[36]<\/a> Starmer\u2019\u0131n sola sald\u0131rmas\u0131 tesad\u00fcfi de\u011fil; bu y\u00f6ntemlerle \u0130ngiliz kapitalizminin gelecekteki y\u00f6neticisi olarak g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini art\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD\u2019de ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imlerinde Demokrat adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan solun aday\u0131 Bernie Sanders, polis departman\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6deneklerinin kesilmesi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 reddetti. Ayr\u0131ca Siyah Hayatlar \u00d6nemlidir hareketine kar\u015f\u0131 Delaware\u2019daki bir toplant\u0131da polisin kalbe de\u011fil ayaklara ate\u015f etmesi i\u00e7in e\u011fitilmeleri gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen Demokrat ba\u015fkan aday\u0131 Joe Biden\u2019\u0131 destekledi.[37]<\/a> Utan\u00e7 verici ba\u015fka bir konu\u015fmas\u0131nda Biden, siyah se\u00e7menlere e\u011fer Trump\u2019a oy verirlerse “siyah olamayacaklar\u0131”n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti.[38]<\/a> \u0130spanya\u2019da radikal sol-kanat olu\u015fum Unidas Podemos sosyal demokrat Sosyalist Parti (PSOE) ile kurdu\u011fu koalisyonla iktidar orta\u011f\u0131 oldu. Podemos\u2019un krize yan\u0131t\u0131 parti lideri Pablo Iglesias\u2019\u0131n deyimiyle ulusal bir \u201cyeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma plan\u0131\u201d etraf\u0131nda \u201cgeni\u015f bir toplumsal uzla\u015f\u0131\u201dya kay\u0131\u015f oldu. Ayr\u0131ca demokrasiye ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda Francisco Franco diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc alt\u0131nda zenginle\u015fenleri koruyan 1978 anayasas\u0131ndan eskiden beri s\u00fcregelen kopu\u015f talepleri ile aras\u0131na mesafe koydu.[39]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tabi ki milyonlarca insan Starmer, Biden ve Iglesias gibilerine bakmaya devam edecek. \u00c7o\u011fu onlara oy verecek; hedefleri bu politikac\u0131lar\u0131n sunabilece\u011finin \u00f6tesine uzanan hareketlere kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131nda bile. Ancak bu hareketler i\u00e7inde kapitalizmi y\u0131kmay\u0131 hedefleyen politik ak\u0131mlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 her zamankinden daha acil. Bu nedenle y\u0131lllarca Karl Marx\u2019\u0131n Kapital\u2019inin pop\u00fcleritesini art\u0131ran en \u00f6nemli fig\u00fcrlerden David Harvey\u2019in \u015funu tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duymak \u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sahip olabilece\u011finiz bir t\u00fcr fantezi\u2026 kapitalist sistemi yok edebilece\u011fimiz \u2026 \u015fu an bu imkans\u0131z. Sermaye ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck. \u00c7ok bask\u0131n ve bizim i\u00e7in \u00e7ok gerekli\u2026 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131na izin veremeyiz. Onu desteklemek ve yeniden organize etmek i\u00e7in ve belki de \u00e7ok yava\u015f bir \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in biraz zaman harcamak zorunday\u0131z.[40]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Harvey\u2019in ana fikri kapitalizmin insanlar\u0131n ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131yla ona meydan okuma riskini almak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok fazla i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ti\u011fi gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Do\u011fru, yak\u0131n gelecekte kapitalizmin y\u0131k\u0131lma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck.[41]<\/a> Buna ra\u011fmen temel anti-kapitalist arg\u00fcmanlar ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini koruyor: \u0130nsanl\u0131k i\u00e7in gerekli olan mal ve hizmetlerin \u00fcretimi ve t\u00fcketimi -a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131 pek \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckle ve ancak kapitalist devletin devrimci bir \u015fekilde y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan- temel olarak sermayenin mant\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kopar\u0131labilir. Alex Callinicos\u2019un Harvey\u2019e cevap olarak yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131sa ve \u00f6z yaz\u0131daki gibi: \u201cDavid, sermaye ak\u0131m\u0131 ile bu ak\u0131m\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan kullan\u0131m de\u011ferine sahip metalar\u0131n dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor; Marx’\u0131n Kapital\u2019i hakk\u0131nda b\u00f6ylesine derin bir bilgiye sahip birinin yapmamas\u0131 gereken, \u00e7ok temel bir hata<\/em>\u201d.[42]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harvey\u2019in ima etti\u011finin tersine, devrimci sosyalizm politikalar\u0131 direni\u015f hareketlerini zay\u0131flatm\u0131yor ya da onlar\u0131 bo\u015f bir \u00fctopik \u00e7\u00f6le s\u00fcrm\u00fcyor. Salg\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n 2019\u2019u karakterize eden t\u00fcrden g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sistem kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 isyanlar\u0131n olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yok etmedi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bu zamanlarda bu politika, bu hareketlere nihayetinde sermayenin y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rabilecekleri ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fu derinle\u015fen y\u0131k\u0131mdan kurtarabilecekleri umudunu sunuyor.[43]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Joseph Choonora<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7eviri: Simin G\u00fcrdal<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz\u0131n\u0131n orijinali http:\/\/isj.org.uk\/a-triple-crisis<\/a> sayfas\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Yazar Hakk\u0131nda<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Joseph Choonora, International Socialism Dergisi’nin edit\u00f6r\u00fc ve A Reader\u2019s Guide to Marx\u2019s Capital<\/em> (Bookmarks, 2017) ve Unravelling Capitalism: A Guide to Marxist Political Economy<\/em> (2. bask\u0131: Bookmarks, 2017) kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n yazar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Notlar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

1. <\/a>Benjamin, 2006, s402. Talat Ahmed, Anne Alexander, Richard Donnelly ve Peter Dwyer\u2019a taslak \u00fczerine yapt\u0131klar\u0131 yorumlar i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcrler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. <\/a> Snow, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. <\/a>Harmon ve Tavernise, 2020; Parker, Horowitz veAnderson, 2020. Bu, bir slick video yay\u0131nlayan Nike dahil baz\u0131 \u015firketlerin Siyah Hayatlar \u00d6nemlidir hareketini aceleyle desteklemelerini k\u0131smen a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor. \u00dcretimini K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney\u2019de beyaz olmayan ucuz emek \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran ta\u015feronlara yapt\u0131ran bir \u015firketin \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 ve emperyalist yap\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eden bir hareket hakk\u0131nda yorum yapmas\u0131 kayda de\u011fer!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. <\/a>Grant, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. <\/a>Harmon ve Tavernise, 2020. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. <\/a>Bkz Brophy, 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. <\/a>Burada bile Trump k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Gen\u00e7 K-Pop hayranlar\u0131 ve TikTok kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 miting biletlerini toplad\u0131lar, asl\u0131nda gitmeye hi\u00e7 niyetleri yoktu. Stadyumun yar\u0131s\u0131 bo\u015ftu. Konu\u015fman\u0131n kayd\u0131 i\u00e7in bak\u0131n\u0131z https:\/\/www.rev.com\/blog\/transcripts\/donald-trump-tulsa-oklahoma-rally-speech-transcript<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. <\/a>Choonara, 2020a, s3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. <\/a>ONS, 2020a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. <\/a>Younge, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. <\/a>Ford, Reber ve Reeves, 2020. Latinx \u201cLatino\u201d ya da\u201cLatina\u201d gibi cinsiyet temelli kavramlar yerine kullan\u0131lan terim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. <\/a>ONS, 2020b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. <\/a>Bkz. Wise, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. <\/a>ONS, 2020c; Wise, 2020. ONS \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda 2011 ulusal say\u0131m\u0131ndan sosyo-demografik verileri kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. <\/a>Ray, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16. <\/a>Brody ve di\u011ferleri, 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17. <\/a>Giles, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18. <\/a>Strauss, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. <\/a>Choonara, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20. <\/a>Meadway, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21. <\/a>Rayner ve Mikhailova, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22. <\/a>Arnold, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

23. <\/a>Davies, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

24. <\/a>www.ipsos.com\/ipsos-mori\/en-uk\/britons-least-likely-believe-economy-and-businesses-should-open-if-coronavirus-not-fully-contained<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

25. <\/a>Veriler www.opinium.co.uk<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

26. <\/a>Cummings\u2019in sa\u00e7mal\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u00f6rnekler i\u00e7in blo\u011funa bak\u0131n\u0131z: https:\/\/dominiccummings.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

27. <\/a>Adebowale ve di\u011ferleri, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

28. <\/a>Choonara, 2020a, s10-18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

29. <\/a>Borges ve Branford, 2020; Johnson ve di\u011ferleri, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

30. <\/a>Foster\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00fczerine daha fazlas\u0131 i\u00e7in Martin Empson\u2019\u0131n bu say\u0131daki tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131na bak\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

31. <\/a>M\u00fcnchau, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

32. <\/a>Devletlerin kapitalist sistemin entegre bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 nedeniyle Michael Roberts\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcncel krizden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n yolu olarak devlet planlamas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi aksi takdirde \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olan makalesini sorguluyorum. Donny Gluckstein bu say\u0131daki makalesinde tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, nihai s\u0131n\u0131rda, e\u011fer devletler di\u011fer devletlerle rekabet i\u00e7inde ekonomiyi ulusal temelde organize ederlerse sonu\u00e7 sosyalizm de\u011fil \u201cdevlet kapitalizmi\u201d olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

33. <\/a>Chappell, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

34. <\/a>https:\/\/explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk\/find-statistics\/attendance-in-education-and-early-years-settings-during-the-coronavirus-covid-19-outbreak\/2020-week-25<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

35. <\/a>Stewart, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

36. <\/a>Bkz Ferguson, 2019; antisemitizmin silah olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 muhte\u015fem bir kar\u015f\u0131 arg\u00fcman.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

37. <\/a>Jacobs, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

38. <\/a>Sky News, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

39. <\/a>D\u00edaz, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

40. <\/a>Kay\u0131t linki: http:\/\/traffic.libsyn.com\/anticapitalistchronicles\/ACC.December.2019.p1.mp3<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

41. <\/a>\u00dc\u00e7l\u00fc kriz ba\u011flam\u0131nda devrimci solun g\u00f6reli zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fclkede i\u015fyerlerindeki s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin s\u00fcrmekte olan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeyi ve Siyah Hayatlar De\u011ferlidir gibi hareketlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 I<\/em>n<\/em>ternational Socialism\u2019<\/em>in<\/em> <\/em>gelecek say\u0131lar\u0131nda ele almaya devam edece\u011fimiz \u00f6nemli konular.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

42. <\/a>Facebook mesaj\u0131; 23 Haziran 2020. Harvey\u2019nin kapitalizm kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve onun politik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda mant\u0131ksal bir ba\u011f var. Bir s\u00fcredir, kapitalizmi \u00fcretimin dola\u015f\u0131mdan \u00f6nce geldi\u011fi bir sistem olarak g\u00f6rmekten uzakla\u015f\u0131p post yap\u0131sal bir jargon kullanarak kompleks bir ekosistem -\u201cassemblage\u201d- tan\u0131ml\u0131yor. \u00dcretim noktas\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n herhangi bir \u00f6zel rol\u00fcn\u00fc azalt\u0131yor, bu giderek artan kompleks sistemden bir noktada kopu\u015fun ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilece\u011fini g\u00f6rmeyi zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. Harvey\u2019nin kapitalizmi kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerine daha fazlas\u0131 i\u00e7in bak\u0131n\u0131z Callinicos ve Choonara, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

43. <\/a>2019 ayaklanma dalgas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bak\u0131n\u0131z Choonara, 2020b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

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Brophy, Alfred L, 2002, Reconstructing the Dreamland: The Tulsa Riot of 1921<\/em> (Oxford University Press).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Choonara, Joseph 2020b, \u201cA New Cycle of Revolt\u201d, International Socialism 165<\/em> (winter), http:\/\/isj.org.uk\/a-new-cycle-of-revolt<\/a>; T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi: https:\/\/marx-21.net\/?p=1322<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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D\u00edaz, Sato, 2020, \u201cUnidas Podemos\u2019s Changing Strategy in Government: From Disruption to Consensus\u201d, Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung (4 July), www.rosalux.eu\/en\/article\/1698.unidas-podemos-is-changing-strategy-in-governement.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ford, Tiffany, Sarah Reber and Richard V Reeves, 2020, \u201cRace Gaps in Covid-19 Deaths are even Bigger than They Appear\u201d, Brookings Institute (16 June), https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/yap5k92p<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giles, Chris, 2020, \u201cBoE Warns UK set to Enter Worst Recession for 300 Years\u201d, Financial Times<\/em> (7 May), www.ft.com\/content\/734e604b-93d9-43a6-a6ec-19e8b22dad3c<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grant, Meilissa Gira, 2020, \u201cThe Rush to Redefine \u2018Defund the Police\u2019\u201d, The New Republic (9 June), https:\/\/newrepublic.com\/article\/158104\/rush-redefine-defund-police<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Harmon, Amy, and Sabrina Tavernise, 2020, \u201cOne Big Difference about George Floyd Protests: Many White Faces\u201d, New York Times<\/em> (12 June), www.nytimes.com\/2020\/06\/12\/us\/george-floyd-white-protesters.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jacobs, Emily, 2020, \u201cBiden: Officers Should Train to Shoot Attackers \u2018in the Leg Instead of the Heart\u2019\u201d, New York Post<\/em> (2 June), https:\/\/nypost.com\/2020\/06\/02\/biden-suggests-officers-shoot-in-the-leg-rather-than-to-kill<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Johnson, Christine K, Peta L Hitchens, Pranav S Pandit, Julie Rushmore, Tierra Smiley Evans, Cristin C W Young and Megan M Doyle, 2020, \u201cGlobal Shifts in Mammalian Population Trends Reveal Key Predictors of Virus Spillover Risk\u201d, Proceedings of the Royal Society B<\/em>, volume 287, issue 1924.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meadway, James, 2020, \u201cThe Government is Showing Its Economic Hand\u2014and the Left Will Need a Smart Response\u201d, Novara Media (4 June), https:\/\/novaramedia.com\/2020\/06\/04\/the-government-is-showing-its-economic-hand-and-the-left-will-need-a-smart-response<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fcnchau, Wolfgang, 2020, \u201cA Truly Ugly Transatlantic Trade War is Looming\u201d, Financial Times (21 June), www.ft.com\/content\/39f0700b-4534-40b2-a747-19cade45558e<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Parker, Kim, Juliana Menasce Horowitz and Monica Anderson, 2020, \u201cAmid Protests, Majorities across Racial and Ethnic Groups Express Support for the Black Lives Matter Movement\u201d, Pew Research Centre (12 June), https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/ycslfon5<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ray, Rashawn, 2020, \u201cWhy are Blacks Dying at Higher Rates from Covid-19?\u201d, Brookings Institute (9 April), www.brookings.edu\/blog\/fixgov\/2020\/04\/09\/why-are-blacks-dying-at-higher-rates-from-covid-19<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sky News, 2020, \u201cJoe Biden Apologises After Telling Radio Host \u2018You Ain\u2019t Black\u2019 If You Support Donald Trump\u201d, Sky News (23 May), https:\/\/news.sky.com\/story\/joe-biden-tells-radio-host-you-aint-black-if-you-support-donald-trump-11993035<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Snow, Anita, 2020, \u201cAP Tally: Arrests at Widespread US Protests Hit 10,000\u201d, Associated Press (4 June), https:\/\/apnews.com\/bb2404f9b13c8b53b94c73f818f6a0b7<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stewart, William, 2020, \u201cCoronavirus: Prioritise Reopening Schools, Says Starmer\u201d, TES (15 April), www.tes.com\/news\/coronavirus-prioritise-reopening-schools-says-starmer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Strauss, Delphine, 2020, \u201cMore than a Fifth of UK Employers Plan Redundancies\u201d, Financial Times (18 May).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wise, Jacqui, 2020, \u201cCovid-19: Known Risk Factors Fail to Explain the Increased Risk of Death among People from Ethnic Minorities\u201d, British Medical Journal<\/em> (11 May), www.bmj.com\/content\/369\/bmj.m1873<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Younge, Gary, 2020, \u201cWe Can\u2019t Breathe\u201d, New Statesman<\/em> (3 June), www.newstatesman.com\/politics\/uk\/2020\/06\/we-cant-breathe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Marx, devrimlerin d\u00fcnya tarihinin lokomotifi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti. Ama belki de ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Belki de devrimler bu trendeki yolcular\u0131n -insan \u0131rk\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan- imdat frenine basma giri\u015fimidir. Walter Benjamin, 1940, \u201cTarih […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1769,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[376],"tags":[626,584,566,43,210,627,8,209,7,6,9,24,600],"class_list":["post-1768","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-makaleyaz","tag-black-lives-matter","tag-covid-19","tag-ekolojik-kriz","tag-ekonomik-kriz","tag-gercek-marksist-gelenek","tag-johnson","tag-lenin","tag-leninizm","tag-marksizm","tag-marx","tag-trocki","tag-trockist","tag-trump"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1768","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1768"}],"version-history":[{"count":42,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1768\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1921,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1768\/revisions\/1921"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1769"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1768"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1768"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1768"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}