{"id":1680,"date":"2020-06-03T22:24:34","date_gmt":"2020-06-03T19:24:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/?p=1680"},"modified":"2020-08-24T12:44:46","modified_gmt":"2020-08-24T09:44:46","slug":"covid-19-ve-sermaye-cevrimleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/?p=1680","title":{"rendered":"Covid-19 ve Sermaye \u00c7evrimleri"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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2002\u2019den bu yana ikinci defa rastlanan \u015fiddetli akut solunum yolu sendromu<\/em> olan Covid-19\u2019a SARS-CoV-2 koronavir\u00fcs yol a\u00e7\u0131yor. Hastal\u0131k resmi d\u00fczeyde pandemi olarak ilan edildi. Mart ay\u0131 sonu itibariyle t\u00fcm \u015fehirlerde giri\u015f-\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte ve tek tek t\u00fcm hastaneler, hasta ak\u0131n\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla dolmu\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Salg\u0131n\u0131n ilk patlak verdi\u011fi \u00c7in \u015fu an biraz rahatlam\u0131\u015f durumda.[1]<\/a> G\u00fcney Kore ve Singapur da iyi. Avrupa’da \u2013 \u00f6zellikle \u0130talya ve \u0130spanya ve giderek di\u011fer \u00fclkeler \u2013 salg\u0131n daha yeni ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen k\u0131tadaki \u00fclkeler \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda kald\u0131. Latin Amerika ve Afrika\u2019da vakalar yeni yeni g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flad\u0131; baz\u0131 \u00fclkeler di\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re daha haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 durumda. Tarihin g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc en zengin \u00fclke ABD\u2019nin yak\u0131n gelece\u011fi karanl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Salg\u0131n May\u0131s\u2019a kadar y\u00fckseli\u015f trendinde olmaya devam edecek gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor ve gittik\u00e7e azalan ki\u015fisel korunma ekipmanlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in daha \u015fimdiden sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131yla hastalar aras\u0131nda kavgalar \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.[2]<\/a> Hastal\u0131klar\u0131 Kontrol ve Korunma Merkezleri\u2019nin (CDC) bandana ve e\u015farplar\u0131n\u0131 maske olarak kullanmalar\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye etti\u011fi \u2013 bu herkesi deh\u015fete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc \u2013 hem\u015fireler \u201csistemin \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d[3]<\/a> a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu arada federal h\u00fck\u00fcmet, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta eyaletler i\u00e7in sat\u0131n almay\u0131 reddetti\u011fi temel t\u0131bbi ekipmanlar i\u00e7in onlarla fiyat y\u00fckseltme yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na girmeye devam ediyor. Vir\u00fcs \u00fclke i\u00e7inde \u00e7oktan yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fken h\u00fck\u00fcmet kamusal sa\u011fl\u0131k tedbiri olarak s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 kapatt\u0131.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Imperial College<\/em>\u2019tan bir epidemiyoloji ekibi en iyi hafifletme<\/em> \u2013 belirlenen vakalar\u0131n karantina alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131n kamusal alandan uzak tutulmas\u0131 yoluyla toplam vaka say\u0131s\u0131 e\u011frisinin e\u011fimini azaltma \u2013 kampanyas\u0131n\u0131n bile ABD\u2019de 1,1 milyon \u00f6l\u00fc ve \u00fclkedeki toplam yo\u011fun bak\u0131m yatak say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sekiz kat\u0131 vakayla neticelenece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyor.[5]<\/a> Salg\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmaya d\u00f6n\u00fck hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 bast\u0131rma<\/em> y\u00f6ntemi, kamusal sa\u011fl\u0131k tedbirlerini \u00c7in\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi vakalar\u0131 (ve aile \u00fcyelerini) karantinaya alma, toplumsal \u00f6l\u00e7ekte sosyal mesafe uygulama ve i\u015fyerlerini kapatma d\u00fczeyine \u00e7\u0131karmak demektir. Bunun uygulanmas\u0131 halinde ABD\u2019de \u00f6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 200 bin civar\u0131nda olaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Imperial College\u2019taki ekip ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir bast\u0131rma m\u00fccadelesinin 18 ay boyunca devam etmesi gerekti\u011fini ve bunun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ekonomik daralmaya ve kamusal hizmetlerin aksamas\u0131na neden olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin ediyor. Ekip, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n kontrol edilmesi ile ekonominin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n dengelenmesi i\u00e7in toplumsal karantina tedbirlerinin yo\u011fun bak\u0131m yataklar\u0131n\u0131n doluluk oranlar\u0131na g\u00f6re art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fka modellemeler, bunun \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7iyor. Siyah Ku\u011fu<\/em> kitab\u0131yla \u00fcnlenen Nasim Taleb\u2019in liderli\u011findeki bir grup, Imperial College\u2019\u0131n modelinin temas edilenlerin takibi ve g\u00f6zetim konular\u0131nda eksik oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.[6]<\/a> Yarat\u0131lan model bu salg\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin bir\u00e7o\u011funun b\u00f6yle bir bast\u0131rma m\u00fccadelesi verme isteklerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bariyeri a\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmezlikten geliyor. Komik bir yorumun ifade etti\u011fi gibi: \u201cKoronavir\u00fcs fazla radikal. Ad\u0131m ad\u0131m kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verebilmesi i\u00e7in Amerika\u2019n\u0131n daha \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 bir vir\u00fcse ihtiyac\u0131 var\u201d.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taleb grubu, Imperial grubunun hangi ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda vir\u00fcs\u00fcn yok olmaya do\u011fru itilebilece\u011fini ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 reddedi\u015fine dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. B\u00f6yle bir yok edi\u015f, hi\u00e7 vakan\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131 de\u011fil, tek tek vakalar\u0131n etkili bir \u015fekilde izole edilerek yeni bula\u015f\u0131 zinciri olu\u015fturmalar\u0131n\u0131n engellenmesi anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor. Vir\u00fcs kapm\u0131\u015f birisinin temas etti\u011fi riskli ki\u015filerden sadece y\u00fczde be\u015fi enfekte oluyor. Do\u011frusu Talep grubu \u00c7in\u2019in bast\u0131rma program\u0131ndan \u2013 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n kontrol edilmesi ile ekonominin \u00e7arklar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6nmesi aras\u0131nda gidip gelen uzun s\u00fcreli bir maratondan ziyade salg\u0131n\u0131n tamamen tedav\u00fclden kalkmas\u0131 i\u00e7in her \u015feyin ortaya konmas\u0131 \u2013 yana. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle \u00c7in\u2019in keskin (ve bol kaynak gerektiren) yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, n\u00fcfusunu aylar hatta y\u0131llar s\u00fcrecek bir zapt etme u\u011fra\u015f\u0131ndan \u2013 ki Imperial grubu di\u011fer \u00fclkelere bunu \u00f6neriyor \u2013 kurtar\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu makalenin ortak yazarlar\u0131ndan matematiksel epidemiyolog Rodrick Wallace, modelleme tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ters y\u00fcz ediyor. Acil durum modelleri her ne kadar gerekli olsalar da ne zaman ve nereden ba\u015flanaca\u011f\u0131 konular\u0131nda yetersizdir. Yap\u0131sal nedenler de acil durumun bir par\u00e7as\u0131. Bunlar da dikkate al\u0131n\u0131rsa zarar\u0131n sorumlusu olan ekonominin sadece tekrar ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ip en iyi m\u00fccadelenin nas\u0131l olaca\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131labilinir. \u201cE\u011fer itfaiyeciler yeterli kayna\u011fa sahip olurlarsa<\/em>\u201d diye yaz\u0131yor Wallace:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

normal ko\u015fullarda pek \u00e7ok yang\u0131n minimum can ve mal kayb\u0131yla \u00e7o\u011funlukla kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nabilir. Ancak bu kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131\u015f, pek duygusal olmayan ama kahramanl\u0131kta hi\u00e7 de a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kalmayan bir giri\u015fimle; binalar\u0131n hasar g\u00f6rmesini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmaya d\u00f6n\u00fck yasal d\u00fczenleme ve gerekli insan kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve yang\u0131nla m\u00fccadele, h\u0131fz\u0131ss\u0131hha ve bina koruma mevzular\u0131nda ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan kaynaklar\u0131n ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 garanti edecek, inat\u00e7\u0131 ve devaml\u0131 bir mevzuat \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir…<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Bu durum pandemi i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. E\u011fer yak\u0131n gelecekte ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecek pandemiler ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6nlenmek isteniyorsa; \u00e7ok uluslu tar\u0131msal \u015firketlerin karlar\u0131 \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmelerine, maliyetleri ise d\u0131\u015fsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p toplumun \u00fcst\u00fcne y\u0131kmalar\u0131na izin veren \u015fimdiki siyasi yap\u0131lar\u0131, bu maliyetleri i\u00e7selle\u015ftirilmesini sa\u011flayacak \u201cyasal d\u00fczenlemeler\u201de tabi hale getirmek gerekiyor.[8]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Salg\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131kta ve m\u00fccadeleye ba\u015flamadaki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k, Aral\u0131k 2019\u2019da – Covid-19 Wuhan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6tesine s\u0131\u00e7rad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda d\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerinin tepki vermede ge\u00e7 kald\u0131klar\u0131 anda – ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131 sadece. ABD\u2019nin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin Donald Trump\u2019\u0131n kendi ulusal g\u00fcvenlik ekibinin pandemiye haz\u0131rl\u0131k grubunu da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ya da CDC\u2019nin yedi y\u00fcz kadrosuna atama yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ba\u015flamad\u0131;[9]<\/a> ya da 2017\u2019deki pandemi sim\u00fclasyonunun \u00fclkenin haz\u0131r olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u201cfederaller\u201d harekete ge\u00e7medi\u011finde de ba\u015flamad\u0131.[10]<\/a> Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 Reuters\u2019te yer alan ABD\u2019nin \u201csalg\u0131ndan aylar \u00f6nce \u00c7in\u2019de g\u00f6rev yapan CDC uzman\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fine son verilmesi\u201d (her ne kadar salg\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerden bir Amerikan uzman\u0131n erken uyar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n eksikli\u011fi ABD\u2019nin erken harekete ge\u00e7mesini engellemi\u015f olsa da) de de\u011fildi. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7, D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019nden (DS\u00d6) temin edilen test kitlerinin kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131 karar\u0131yla da olmad\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n hepsi birlikte; erken uyar\u0131 eksikli\u011fi ve yayg\u0131n test yapmama ku\u015fkusuz pek \u00e7ok (belki de binlerce) hayata mal oldu.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asl\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar serisi on y\u0131llarca \u00f6nce kamusal sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin ortak de\u011ferlerinin ayn\u0131 anda ihmal edilmesi ve paraya tahvil edilmesiyle ba\u015flad\u0131.[12]<\/a> Bireyselle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, tam zaman\u0131nda epidemiyoloji rejiminin h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, normal faaliyetleri yerine getirmek i\u00e7in bile g\u00fc\u00e7 bela yatak say\u0131s\u0131na ve ekipmana sahip bir \u00fclke, do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi, \u00c7in\u2019in y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bask\u0131lama modelini takip edebilmek i\u00e7in gerekli olan \u015feyi – acil ihtiya\u00e7lara kaynak tahsisini \u2013 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taleb grubunun dile getirdi\u011fi model stratejileri konusunu daha kesin politik terimlerle i\u015fleyen hastal\u0131k ekolojisti Luis Fernando Chavez (kendisi bu makalenin di\u011fer bir yazar\u0131d\u0131r), diyalektik biyologlar Richard Levins ve Richard Lewontin\u2019e referans vererek \u201csay\u0131lar konu\u015fsun\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm varsay\u0131mlar\u0131n daha ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta iflas etti\u011finin maskelenmesine yarad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir.[13]<\/a> Imperial\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndaki model ve onun benzerleri, analizin kapsam\u0131n\u0131 daralt\u0131r ve sorular\u0131 var olan toplumsal d\u00fczenin \u00e7er\u00e7evesini a\u015fmayacak bir \u015fekle sokar. Kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak salg\u0131nlar\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 olan kapsaml\u0131 piyasa g\u00fc\u00e7lerini ve altta yatan politik m\u00fcdahaleleri ele almay\u0131 es ge\u00e7erler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bilin\u00e7li olsun veya olmas\u0131n sonu\u00e7 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan projeksiyonlar, herkesin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (\u00fclkenin hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 kontrol ile ekonomi aras\u0131nda tercihe zorlayacak en k\u0131r\u0131lgan grupta yer alan binlerce insan\u0131nki de dahil) ikinci plana iter. Devletin toplum i\u00e7inde kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na g\u00f6re hareket etti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen Foucaultcu anlay\u0131\u015f, Britanya\u2019n\u0131n muhafazakar h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ve onun ard\u0131ndan Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nerdi\u011fi Malthus\u00e7u s\u00fcr\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (vir\u00fcs\u00fcn t\u00fcm toplumu rahat\u00e7a yakmas\u0131na izin vermek) zorlamas\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00fcncellenmi\u015f halidir.[14]<\/a> \u0130deolojik olma d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda s\u00fcr\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n salg\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyebilece\u011fine dair \u00e7ok az kan\u0131t var. Vir\u00fcs, toplumun ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k battaniyesi alt\u0131nda kolayl\u0131kla evrim ge\u00e7irebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fcdahale<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bunun yerine ne yap\u0131lmal\u0131? \u00d6ncelikle acil duruma do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde cevap verebilmek i\u00e7in hem zorunlulu\u011fu hem de tehlikeyi idrak etmemiz gerek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi salg\u0131nla m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in hastaneleri kamula\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131y\u0131z.[15]<\/a> Test say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmal\u0131 ve Senegal\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi h\u0131zl\u0131ca sonu\u00e7land\u0131rmal\u0131y\u0131z.[16]<\/a> \u0130la\u00e7 \u015firketlerini kamula\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131y\u0131z.[17]<\/a> Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 kadrosunun zay\u0131flamas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n korunma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 en \u00fcst d\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131karmal\u0131y\u0131z. Bozulan solunum cihazlar\u0131n\u0131n ve di\u011fer sa\u011fl\u0131k ekipmanlar\u0131n\u0131n onar\u0131lmas\u0131 hakk\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamal\u0131y\u0131z.[18]<\/a> Remdesivir gibi anti-vir\u00fcs ila\u00e7lar\u0131 ile eskiden beri kullan\u0131lan s\u0131tma ilac\u0131 klorokinin (ve di\u011fer umut vaat eden ila\u00e7lar\u0131n) geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 \u00fcretimine ba\u015flamal\u0131y\u0131z ve bunlar\u0131n laboratuvar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da i\u015fe yaray\u0131p yaramad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterecek klinik deneyler y\u00fcr\u00fctmeliyiz.[19]<\/a> Planl\u0131 bir sistem olu\u015fturulmal\u0131 ve solunum cihazlar\u0131n\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu ki\u015fisel korunma ekipmanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretmeleri i\u00e7in \u015firketler \u00fczerinde bask\u0131 kurulmal\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n en \u00e7ok ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan yerlere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu vir\u00fcs\u00fcn (ve di\u011fer olas\u0131 patojenlerin) yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 pandemiyle alakal\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmadan t\u0131bbi bak\u0131ma kadar her alanda m\u00fccadele edecek geni\u015f bir ekip olu\u015fturmal\u0131y\u0131z. Yo\u011fun bak\u0131m yataklar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ve ekipmanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 hastaneye ba\u015fvuranlar\u0131n ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kartmal\u0131y\u0131z ki bask\u0131lama uygulamas\u0131yla \u015fimdiki rakamlar aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urumu kapatabilelim. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle patlayan salg\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na alabilmek i\u00e7in sonradan temas takibi ve vakalar\u0131n izolasyonu sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u015fu anki Covid-19 h\u00fccumundan g\u00fc\u00e7 bela hayatta kalmaya fikrini kabul etmemeliyiz. Ev ev Covid-19 taramas\u0131 yapmaya yetecek kadar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan istihdam edilmeli ve bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara uygun maskeler gibi gereksinim duyacaklar\u0131 ekipmanlar sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131 yaparken halk\u0131n hastal\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ayakta kalabilmesi i\u00e7in m\u00fclklerin el de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi (gerek m\u00fclk sahipleri gerekse di\u011fer \u00fclkelere uygulanan yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla olsun) etraf\u0131nda \u015fekillenen toplumsal yap\u0131y\u0131 ask\u0131ya almam\u0131z gerekiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylesi bir program ancak geni\u015f kitleler \u00f6zg\u00fcr k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131rsa ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilir. Kimsenin s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc dinlemeyen h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda bile proletaryan\u0131n 150 y\u0131l \u00f6nce geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi, \u015fimdilerde unutulmu\u015f \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme gelene\u011fi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u0131radan insanlar, olu\u015fturulmaya ba\u015flanan kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yard\u0131m ve kom\u015fuluk a\u011flar\u0131na dahil olmal\u0131d\u0131r.[20]<\/a> Sendikalar\u0131n tahsis edece\u011fi profesyonel sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131, bu gruplar\u0131 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleme hususunda e\u011fitebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vir\u00fcs\u00fc do\u011furan yap\u0131sal nedenler ile acil durum planlamas\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirmekte \u0131srarl\u0131 olursak \u015firketlerin karlar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 koruma yolunda ad\u0131mlar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r hale gelebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tehlikelerden biri \u015fu anda dola\u015fmakta olan tamamen kafay\u0131 yemi\u015f teorileri normal ve tart\u0131\u015f\u0131labilir olarak g\u00f6rmektir. Di\u011fer bir SARS vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kendi vah\u015fi do\u011fa ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p sekiz hafta i\u00e7inde insanlar aras\u0131nda yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimizde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015foku unutmamal\u0131y\u0131z.[21]<\/a> \u015eimdiki vir\u00fcs egzotik g\u0131da a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir noktas\u0131na yerle\u015fti ve insandan insana bula\u015fma kapasitesi kazanarak \u00c7in\u2019in Wuhan eyaletine geldi.[22]<\/a> Orada hem eyalet i\u00e7inde yay\u0131ld\u0131 hem de u\u00e7ak ve tren a\u011flar\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla \u00f6nce b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerden ba\u015flay\u0131p k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcklere do\u011fru ilerleyerek t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 sard\u0131.[23]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tipik oryantalist bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla vah\u015fi hayvan eti piyasas\u0131n\u0131n tarif edilmesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kendini en a\u00e7\u0131k \u015fekilde ortaya koyan sorular i\u00e7in \u00e7ok da fazla \u00e7aba harcanmad\u0131. Wuhan\u2019\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck pazar\u0131nda geleneksel hayvansal g\u0131dalar\u0131n yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda egzotik g\u0131da sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn mallar\u0131n\u0131n sat\u0131lmas\u0131 nas\u0131l m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir; yani sekt\u00f6r bu duruma nas\u0131l gelebildi? Hayvanlar seyyar sat\u0131c\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan veya arka sokaklarda sat\u0131lm\u0131yordu. Verilen izinleri ve yap\u0131lan \u00f6demeleri (ve tabii ki kurals\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131) akl\u0131m\u0131zda tutmal\u0131y\u0131z.[24]<\/a> D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda vah\u015fi hayvan eti \u00fcretimi sekt\u00f6r\u00fc gittik\u00e7e formel hale gelen ve s\u0131nai \u00fcretimin de arkas\u0131nda olan g\u00fc\u00e7lerin durmadan sermayele\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir sekt\u00f6r.[25]<\/a> Bu haliyle su \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde ya\u015fanan ayn\u0131 s\u00fcrecin \u00e7ok \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7mi\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f ekonomik co\u011frafya, Wuhan\u2019daki pazardan alan\u0131 gittik\u00e7e daralan vah\u015fi do\u011fan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda egzotik ve geleneksel g\u0131da \u00fcretiminin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Wuhan\u2019\u0131n \u00e7evresindeki b\u00f6lgelere do\u011fru uzan\u0131yor.[26]<\/a> S\u0131nai \u00fcretim, ormanlar\u0131n son kalan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 yok ederken yabani g\u0131dalar pe\u015finde ko\u015fanlar gurme yiyecekleri elde etmek i\u00e7in ormanlar\u0131n daha da i\u00e7lerine do\u011fru ilerliyorlar. Sonu\u00e7ta en egzotik patojenler \u2013 bu \u00f6rnekte kona\u011f\u0131 yarasa olan SARS-2 \u2013 kendine bir kamyonun arkas\u0131ndaki bir besi hayvan\u0131n ya da bir i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00fcst\u00fcnde yer buluyor ve b\u00f6ylece d\u00fcnya sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce kentten kente dola\u015fma f\u0131rsat\u0131 elde ediyor.[27]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131zma<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Hem gelece\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fck plan yapabilmemiz hem de insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendisini nas\u0131l bu tuza\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc anlamam\u0131z i\u00e7in bu ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baz\u0131 patojenler \u00fcretim merkezlerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar; \u00f6rne\u011fin salmonella ve kampilobakter gibi besin kaynakl\u0131 bakteriler. Fakat Covid-19 dahil \u00e7o\u011fu, sermaye \u00fcretiminin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda do\u011far. Ger\u00e7ekten de insanlar\u0131 etkileyen yeni patojenlerin en az y\u00fczde 60\u2019\u0131 vah\u015fi hayvanlardan yerli halka s\u0131\u00e7rar ve oradan t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131l\u0131r.[28]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eko-sa\u011fl\u0131k alan\u0131ndaki bir dizi ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile fonlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131smen Cogate-Palmolive ve Johnson&Johnson\u2019dan elde eden, tar\u0131msal \u015firketlerin 1940\u2019lardan beri yeni patojenlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yola a\u00e7an k\u00fcresel \u00e7apta ormans\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rma faaliyetlerinin bir haritas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir.[29]<\/a> Bu haritada renklerin koyula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde yeni bir patojenin g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 artar. Fakat \u00c7in, Hindistan, Endonezya ve k\u0131smen Latin Amerika ve Afrika\u2019y\u0131 koyu k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131yla g\u00f6steren bu harita \u00f6nemli bir noktan\u0131n g\u00f6zlerden ka\u00e7mas\u0131na neden olabilir. Salg\u0131nlar\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 yerlere odaklanmak, salg\u0131nlara y\u00f6n veren k\u00fcresel ili\u015fkileri g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmek olur.[30]<\/a> Sermaye \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zeten b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve \u00fcretim odakl\u0131 toprak kullan\u0131m\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ve salg\u0131nlar\u0131n k\u00fcrenin az geli\u015fmi\u015f b\u00f6lgelerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, salg\u0131nlar\u0131n mesuliyetinin yerli halklara ve onlar\u0131n \u201cpis\u201d k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zelliklerinin \u00fcst\u00fcne y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olur.[31]<\/a> Vah\u015fi hayvan eti t\u00fcketimi ve \u00f6l\u00fclerin evlere g\u00f6m\u00fclmesi adetleri yeni patojenlerin kaynaklar\u0131 olarak addedilir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n ili\u015fkisel haritaland\u0131rma neticesinde k\u00fcresel sermayenin kilit merkezleri olan New York, Londra ve Hong Kong bir anda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7 cehennem deli\u011fi halini al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun yan\u0131nda salg\u0131nlar\u0131n patlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler art\u0131k geleneksel ili\u015fkilerle \u015fekillenen yerler olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. E\u015fitsiz ekolojik al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f \u2013 end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m\u0131n en k\u00f6t\u00fc sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerden \u201cK\u00fcresel G\u00fcney\u201de transfer etmek \u2013 sadece devlet g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc emperyalizm taraf\u0131ndan b\u00f6lgelerin do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ti; yeni, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck, daha fazla meta \u00fcretimini kapsayan ve daha karma\u015f\u0131k uygulamalar s\u00f6z konusu.[32]<\/a> Tar\u0131msal firmalar, maden \u00e7\u0131karma faaliyetlerini birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 mekansal olarak farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde yeniden konumland\u0131r\u0131yor.[33]<\/a> \u00d6rne\u011fin bir dizi \u00e7ok uluslu \u201csoya cumhuriyetleri\u201d \u015fu anda Bolivya, Paraguay, Arjantin ve Brezilya\u2019ya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumda. Yeni co\u011frafya \u015firket y\u00f6netim yap\u0131s\u0131nda, sermayele\u015ftirmede, ta\u015feronla\u015ft\u0131rmada, tedarik zinciri ikamesinde, finansal kiralamada ve ulus-\u00f6tesi topraklar\u0131n yeniden d\u00fczenlenmesindeki de\u011fi\u015fimlerle ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.[34]<\/a> Farkl\u0131 \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bu \u201cticari mal \u00fclkeleri\u201d kendilerini ekolojiler ve politik s\u0131n\u0131rlar boyunca esnek\u00e7e yerle\u015ftirebiliyorlar ve bu esnada da yeni salg\u0131nlar\u0131 \u00fcretiyorlar.[35]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda hala devam eden, n\u00fcfusun metala\u015fm\u0131\u015f k\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerinden \u015fehirlerdeki gecekondu b\u00f6lgelerine do\u011fru genel bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ge\u00e7irmesine ra\u011fmen hastal\u0131klar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda k\u0131r-kent ayr\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00e7o\u011fu tart\u0131\u015fma, k\u0131r eme\u011fini ve \u015fehirlerin periferisinde kasabalar\u0131n \u2013 desakotas<\/em> (\u015fehir k\u00f6yleri) veya zwishenstadt <\/em>(arada kalm\u0131\u015f \u015fehirler) \u2013 h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini dikkate alm\u0131yor. Mike Davis ve di\u011ferleri bu yeni \u015fehirle\u015fen mekanlar\u0131n nas\u0131l hem yerel pazarlar hem de k\u00fcresel tar\u0131msal mallar\u0131n gelip ge\u00e7ti\u011fi aktarma merkezleri olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini ifade ediyorlar.[36]<\/a> Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u201ctar\u0131m sonras\u0131\u201d a\u015famaya ge\u00e7mi\u015f durumdalar.[37]<\/a> Sonu\u00e7ta patojenlerin \u00f6teden beri kayna\u011f\u0131 olan ormanlarda i\u015fleyen hastal\u0131k dinamikleri art\u0131k ula\u015f\u0131lmaz b\u00f6lgelerde yer alm\u0131yor. Onlarla ili\u015fkili salg\u0131nlar zaman ve mekanlar dahilinde elin uzanabilece\u011fi yerlerdeler. SARS vir\u00fcs\u00fc hemen bir ka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde yarasalar\u0131n oldu\u011fu ma\u011faralardan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerde insanlar aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tropik ormanlar\u0131n kompleks yap\u0131s\u0131 sayesinde k\u0131smen kontrol alt\u0131nda tutulan b\u00f6ylesi \u201cvah\u015fi\u201d vir\u00fcslerin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekosistemler, sermaye taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen ormans\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rma ve (kent \u00e7evrelerinin geli\u015fmesinin bir ba\u015fka sonucu olarak) kamusal sa\u011fl\u0131ktaki ve \u00e7evresel h\u0131fz\u0131ss\u0131hhadaki eksiklikler taraf\u0131ndan diren\u00e7sizle\u015ftiriliyor.[38]<\/a> Ormandaki pek \u00e7ok patojen, bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 konaklar \u00f6l\u00fcnce yok olurken, daha \u00f6nce ormanda nispeten h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde elimine olanlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131, kemer s\u0131kma programlar\u0131 ve bozuk d\u00fczenlemeler nedeniyle enfeksiyonlara kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7leri azalm\u0131\u015f \u015fehir sakinleri aras\u0131nda h\u0131zla \u00e7o\u011falma f\u0131rsat\u0131 yakal\u0131yor. Etkili a\u015f\u0131lar olsa bile patlayan salg\u0131nlar geni\u015f bir kesimi etkiliyor, h\u0131zla yay\u0131l\u0131yor ve uzun s\u00fcre devam ediyor. Daha \u00f6nce dar, yerel alanlarda etkili olan salg\u0131nlar, k\u00fcresel seyahat ve ticaret a\u011flar\u0131 sayesinde geni\u015f alanlara yay\u0131l\u0131yorlar.[39]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan sadece \u00e7evresel arka plandaki bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik; ebola, zika, s\u0131tma ve sar\u0131 humma gibi klasik salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klara neden olan patojenlerin nispeten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir evrim ge\u00e7irerek b\u00f6lgesel tehditler haline gelmesine neden olur.[40]<\/a> Aniden bunlar sadece uzak k\u00f6ylerin sakinlerini etkileyen bir hastal\u0131k olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p ba\u015fkentlerde ya\u015fayan binlere yay\u0131lan salg\u0131nlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrler. Di\u011fer taraftan patojenlere uzun s\u00fcre konakl\u0131k yapan vah\u015fi hayvanlar bile salg\u0131nlar\u0131n ters tepmesinden etkilenebilir. Ormans\u0131zla\u015fma y\u00fcz\u00fcnden s\u00fcr\u00fcleri birbirinden ayr\u0131lan, vah\u015fi sar\u0131humma vir\u00fcs\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131lgan olan yeni d\u00fcnya maymunlar\u0131, bu vir\u00fcse en az y\u00fcz y\u0131ld\u0131r maruz kal\u0131yorlar; s\u00fcr\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yok oldu ve y\u00fcz binlercesi \u00f6ld\u00fc.[41]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geni\u015fleme<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcresel olarak yay\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden (sadece bu sebepten bile) piyasa tar\u0131m\u0131, farkl\u0131 kaynaklardan do\u011fan patojenlerin en uzaktaki konaktan en uluslararas\u0131 merkezlere ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131nda hem bir itici g\u00fc\u00e7 hem de bir ba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131 i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcyor.[42]<\/a> T\u00fcm bir hat boyunca yeni patojenler, bu tar\u0131msal faaliyetle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 topluluklara s\u0131z\u0131yor. Tedarik zinciri uzad\u0131k\u00e7a ve buna e\u015flik eden ormans\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rma artt\u0131k\u00e7a daha farkl\u0131 (ve egzotik) zoonotik patojenlerin besin zincirine dahil olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131yor. \u00c7iftlik ve g\u0131da kaynakl\u0131 patojenlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 yeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131karken, baz\u0131lar\u0131 tekrar tekrar kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za dikiliyor. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131: Afrika domuz ate\u015fi, kampilobakter, kriptosporidyum, siklofora, ebola, e. coli O157:H7, el ayak hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, hepatit E, listeriya, nipah vir\u00fcs\u00fc, q ate\u015fi, salmonella, vibriyon, yersinia ve yeni grip t\u00fcrleri olan H1N1 (2009), H1N2v, H3N2v, H5N1, H5N2, H5Nx, H6N1, H7N1, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9 ve H9N2.[43]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bilin\u00e7li olmasa da \u00fcretim hatt\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl patojenlerin evrimini ve yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6nde i\u015fliyor.[44]<\/a> Genetik tek k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn art\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u2013 besi hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n ve bitkilerin neredeyse ayn\u0131 genoma sahip olmas\u0131 \u2013 farkl\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 yava\u015flatan ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k engellerini ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131yor.[45]<\/a> Art\u0131k patojenler, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k jenotiplerinin ortak alanlar\u0131nda h\u0131zla evrim ge\u00e7irebiliyorlar. Bu arada kalabal\u0131k ortamlar ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sisteminin tepki vermesini bask\u0131l\u0131yor.[46]<\/a> \u00c7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ve fabrikasyon \u00e7iftliklerde hayvan pop\u00fclasyonu yo\u011funlu\u011fu artt\u0131k\u00e7a vir\u00fcslerin yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve enfeksiyonlar\u0131n tekrar tekrar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 kolayla\u015f\u0131yor.[47]<\/a> T\u00fcm end\u00fcstriyel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan y\u00fcksek \u00fcretim; hastal\u0131k riskine a\u00e7\u0131k hayvan arz\u0131n\u0131n ah\u0131r, \u00e7iftlik ve b\u00f6lge d\u00fczeyinde s\u00fcreklili\u011fine ve patojenlerin son kullanma tarihlerinin ortadan kalkmas\u0131na neden oluyor.[48]<\/a> Pek \u00e7ok hayvan\u0131n bir arada olmas\u0131, en \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc vir\u00fcsleri \u00f6d\u00fcllendiriyor. Hayvanlar\u0131n kesim zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 \u2013 pili\u00e7lerde sekiz haftaya kadar k\u0131sal\u0131yor \u2013 en dayan\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemleriyle ba\u015f edebilecek patojenlerin se\u00e7ilimine yar\u0131yor.[49]<\/a> Canl\u0131 hayvan ticareti ve ihracat\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu co\u011frafyan\u0131n geni\u015flemesi, patojenlerin birbiriyle genom par\u00e7alar\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini art\u0131r\u0131yor ve hastal\u0131k ajanlar\u0131n\u0131n evrimsel potansiyellerini b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcyor.[50]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Patojenlerin bahsetti\u011fimiz y\u00f6ntemlerle \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir evrim s\u00fcreci ge\u00e7irmelerine ra\u011fmen bir sonraki \u00e7eyrek y\u0131l\u0131n vergi marjlar\u0131n\u0131 yeni bir salg\u0131n\u0131n yarataca\u011f\u0131 acil durumdan kurtaracak bir m\u00fcdahale (sermayedarlar bunu talep etseler bile) neredeyse s\u00f6z konusu bile edilmiyor[51]<\/a> Genel trend, \u00e7iftliklerin ve g\u0131da i\u015fleme tesislerinin kamu denetiminin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin tefti\u015flerine ve gizli bilgilerin if\u015fa edilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 yasal h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl salg\u0131nlar\u0131n medyada bile haberle\u015ftirilmesinin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yasalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde. Yak\u0131n zamanda pestisitler ve domuz kirlili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f davalar olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u00f6zel \u015firketlerin \u00fcretimlerinin oda\u011f\u0131nda hala tamamen kar etmek var. Salg\u0131nlar\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu zararlar, kendini besi hayvanlar\u0131, tohumlar, vah\u015fi ya\u015fam, i\u015f\u00e7iler, yerel ve merkezi idareler, sa\u011fl\u0131k sistemleri \u00fczerinde hissettirdi. Her yerde tar\u0131m sistemlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek ulusal \u00f6ncelik olmal\u0131. ABD\u2019de CDC, g\u0131da kaynakl\u0131 salg\u0131nlar\u0131n giderek daha fazla eyaleti ve insan\u0131 etkiledi\u011fini rapor ediyor.[52]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece sermayenin yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011fa sebep olan patojenlerin lehine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Kamu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 \u00e7iftlik ya da fabrika kap\u0131s\u0131ndan i\u00e7eri al\u0131nmazken, sermayenin bedelini \u00f6demeye raz\u0131 oldu\u011fu zay\u0131f biog\u00fcvenli\u011finden mikroplar i\u00e7eri s\u0131z\u0131p tekrar kamuya bula\u015fmak \u00fczere \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bu \u00fcretim tarz\u0131 bizim ortak de\u011ferlerimizi t\u00fcketen, karl\u0131 bir ahlaki felakettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kurtulu\u015f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn kayna\u011f\u0131ndan binlerce kilometre uzakta olan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerinden New York\u2019ta \u015fu an Covid-19\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 koruma tedbirlerinin uygulanmas\u0131 bir ironidir. Milyonlarca New Yorklu 2018\u2019e kadar Konut ve Ekonomik Kalk\u0131nmadan Sorumlu Belediye Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Alicia Glen\u2019in denetledi\u011fi konutlara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f durumda.[53]<\/a> Glen \u00f6nceden Goldman Sachs\u2019a ait Urban Investment Group\u2019un m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Urban Investment Group (Kentsel Yat\u0131r\u0131m Grubu) yoksul mahallelerdeki projeleri finanse ediyor. Bunlar\u0131 yaparken Goldman Sachs\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri ise ayn\u0131 mahallelerinin toplumdan d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 oluyorlar.[54]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tabii ki Glen, salg\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na su\u00e7lanamaz; o daha \u00e7ok bir sembol. Belediyeye girmeden \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce konut krizi ve b\u00fcy\u00fck resesyon s\u0131ras\u0131nda onun eski patronu; JPMorgan, Bank of America, Citgroup, Wells Fargo & Co. ve Morgan Stanley ile birlikte federal acil durum kredi finansman\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 63\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[55]<\/a> Goldman Sachs genel masraflardan kurtulup varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlendirerek krizden \u00e7\u0131karma yoluna girdi. \u015eirket, \u00c7in\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck tar\u0131msal firmalar\u0131ndan olan (ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck domuz \u00fcreticisi Amerikal\u0131 Smithfield Foods\u2019u sat\u0131n alm\u0131\u015f olan) Shaunghui Yat\u0131r\u0131m ve Kalk\u0131nma firmas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 60 hissesini sat\u0131n ald\u0131.[56]<\/a> Ayr\u0131ca 300 milyon $\u2019a Fujian ve Hunan\u2019da (Wuhan\u2019\u0131n \u015fehrinin oldu\u011fu eyalete kom\u015fu ve Wuhan\u2019da sat\u0131n vah\u015fi hayvanlar\u0131n yakalama alanlar\u0131ndan) on tavuk \u00e7iftli\u011finin m\u00fclkiyetini ald\u0131.[57]<\/a> Bir 300 milyon $\u2019l\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131p Deutsche Bank ile birlikte ayn\u0131 eyalette domuz yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi i\u015fine girdi.[58]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da anlat\u0131lan ili\u015fkisel co\u011frafya bu yol boyunca geri geldi. \u015eu an New York\u2019ta her apartman\u0131 etkileyen ve Glen\u2019in destek\u00e7ilerini hasta eden bir pandemi ya\u015fan\u0131yor ve New York ABD\u2019de pandeminin ana merkezi halinde. Fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda salg\u0131na neden olan d\u00f6ng\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u0131smen New York\u2019ta ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da bilmemiz gerek; tabii \u00c7in\u2019in devasa tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne k\u0131yasla Goldman Sachs\u2019\u0131n tar\u0131m yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oldu\u011funu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milliyet\u00e7i su\u00e7lamalar, Trump\u2019\u0131n \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 \u201c\u00c7in vir\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d tan\u0131mlamas\u0131 ve t\u00fcm liberal s\u00fcre\u00e7; bunlar\u0131n hepsi, devlet ve sermayenin i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f k\u00fcresel y\u00f6netiminin \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6rt\u00fcyor.[59]<\/a> Marx bunlar\u0131 \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman karde\u015fler\u201d olarak nitelendirmi\u015fti.[60]<\/a> Emek\u00e7ilerin sava\u015flarda, i\u015fyerlerinde ve \u015fu anda sadece nefes almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak yataklar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmler ve zararlar hem azalan do\u011fal kaynaklar i\u00e7in elitlerin birbiriyle rekabetini hem bu sorunlarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan d\u00fcnya haklar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcp y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in harcanan kaynaklar\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir yandan pandemi, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu ve devletten m\u00fcdahale etmesi bekleniyor. \u00d6te taraftan pandemi, sistemin y\u00f6neticilerine ve taraftarlar\u0131na zenginle\u015fme f\u0131rsat\u0131 tan\u0131yor. \u015eubat ay\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131nda be\u015f senat\u00f6r ve yirmi temsilciler meclisi \u00fcyesi, yakla\u015fmakta olan pandemiden zarar g\u00f6recek end\u00fcstrilerdeki firmalar\u0131n milyonlarca dolarl\u0131k hisse senetlerini ellerinden \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar.[61]<\/a> Baz\u0131 meclis \u00fcyeleri pandeminin tehdit olu\u015fturmayaca\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fck resmi a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 tekrarlasalar da yukar\u0131daki politikac\u0131lar, \u201ci\u00e7eriden\u201d elde ettikleri gizli bilgilerle hisse senetlerini satt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylesi kaba kap-ka\u00e7 olaylar\u0131 bir kenara devlet y\u00f6netimindeki yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k sistemiktir ve sermaye kazan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 nakite \u00e7evirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Amerikan birikim d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn sonuna gelindi\u011finin g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Goldman Sachs\u2019a g\u00f6re pandemi (t\u0131pk\u0131 \u00f6nceki krizlerde oldu\u011fu gibi) \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fcme f\u0131rsat\u0131\u201d sa\u011fl\u0131yor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biz, \u00e7e\u015fitli tedavi ve a\u015f\u0131lar \u00fczerinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fcten biyo-teknoloji firmalar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan uzmanlar\u0131n ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n iyimserli\u011fini payla\u015f\u0131yoruz. B\u00f6ylesi bir s\u00fcrecin ortaya koyaca\u011f\u0131 ilk ciddi kan\u0131t\u0131n etraftaki korku iklimini da\u011f\u0131taca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yoruz.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131l sonu hedefleri \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tutturulamayacak durumda oldu\u011funda k\u00f6t\u00fc senaryolar\u0131n ortaya koydu\u011fu hedeflere g\u00f6re i\u015f yapmak g\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u015flemciler, takip\u00e7iler ve baz\u0131 hedge fon y\u00f6neticileri i\u00e7in uygun olabilir; ama uzun vadeli yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar i\u00e7in uygun de\u011fildir. Bunun kadar \u00f6nemli di\u011fer bir nokta \u015fu anki sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131 hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartacak kadar piyasan\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyeleri g\u00f6rece\u011finin bir garantisinin olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer taraftan e\u011fer Amerikan ekonomisine esneklik ve \u00f6ncelik tan\u0131n\u0131rsa piyasan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde sonunda y\u00fcksek ivme kazanaca\u011f\u0131na inanc\u0131m\u0131z tam.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Son olarak \u015fu anki durumun portfolyolara yava\u015f yava\u015f riskli \u00f6\u011feler eklemeye f\u0131rsat tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz. Elinde fazla nakit olanlar ve do\u011fru stratejik hisse senetlerine sahip olma metaneti ta\u015f\u0131yanlar i\u00e7in \u015fu an S&P senetlerini yava\u015f yava\u015f alma zaman\u0131d\u0131r.[62]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131r\u0131mdan deh\u015fete d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f d\u00fcnya halkalar\u0131 konuya farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131yor.[63]<\/a> Patojenlerin birbiri ard\u0131na radyoaktif i\u015faretler ekledi\u011fi sermaye ve \u00fcretimin d\u00f6ng\u00fcleri vicdans\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131yla tan\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizim yukar\u0131da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi b\u00f6yle sistemleri duruma ba\u011fl\u0131 olmadan ve s\u00fcrekli bir i\u015fleyi\u015f halindeyken nas\u0131l tan\u0131mlar\u0131z? Bizim grubumuz bir model \u00fcretme a\u015famas\u0131nda. Bu model, \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl hastal\u0131klar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na sebep olan ormans\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funu yerli halk\u0131n ve yerel k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletmecilerin \u00fcst\u00fcne atmaya devam eden ve izlerinin eko-sa\u011fl\u0131k ve Tek Sa\u011fl\u0131k\u2019ta da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, modern s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci t\u0131bb\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7meyi hedefliyor.[64]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neoliberal d\u00f6nemde hastal\u0131klar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fck genel teorimiz \u015funlar\u0131 bir araya getiriyor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n