{"id":1483,"date":"2020-04-12T19:31:43","date_gmt":"2020-04-12T16:31:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/?p=1483"},"modified":"2020-08-24T13:22:45","modified_gmt":"2020-08-24T10:22:45","slug":"salgin-zamaninda-sosyalizm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/?p=1483","title":{"rendered":"Salg\u0131n Zaman\u0131nda Sosyalizm"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pandemileri[*]<\/a>\n\u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemez, do\u011fan\u0131n insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131\nolarak de\u011ferlendirmek yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.[1]<\/a>\nBuna kar\u015f\u0131n Koronavir\u00fcs Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 2019 (Covid-19) salg\u0131n\u0131\n\u201cdo\u011fal\u201d bir olgu olman\u0131n \u00e7ok uza\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r. Salg\u0131nlar ve\npandemiler; vir\u00fcslerin mutasyonu, bir canl\u0131dan di\u011ferine bula\u015fmas\u0131\nve canl\u0131 organizmalar \u00fczerindeki etkileri gibi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle\nbirlikte i\u015fleyen toplumsal, siyasal ve iktisadi \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda\nortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu y\u00fczden Covid-19 pandemisinin do\u011fas\u0131,\nkapitalizmin mevcut durumu dikkate al\u0131nmadan kavranamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her \u015fey bir kenara;\nbu d\u00fczeye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir pandemi, kapitalizmin zaten var olan fay\nhatlar\u0131n\u0131 daha da belirginle\u015ftirir. En temel d\u00fczeyde bizi \u201ckar\nm\u0131 insan hayat\u0131 m\u0131\u201d konusunda tercih yapmaya zorlar. \u015eimdiye\nkadar olu\u015fan emareler, sistemi y\u00f6netenler i\u00e7in kar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r basan\ntercih oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Bu yaz\u0131, kapitalist ak\u0131lla yan yana\ngelen pandemilerin bizi nas\u0131l tuza\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc inceliyor\nve bu tuza\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 soldan y\u00fckseltilecek bir dizi potansiyel cevap\n\u00f6neriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Covid-19<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Covid-19 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na\n\u201c\u015eiddetli Akut Solunum Yolu Sendromu Koronavir\u00fcs 2\u201d (\u201cSevere\nAcute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2\u201d – SARS-CoV-2) olarak\nbilinen yeni bir vir\u00fcs yol a\u00e7\u0131yor. Koronavir\u00fcsler 1960\u2019larda\nke\u015ffedildi ve bunlar bir dizi rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa neden oluyor.[2]<\/a>\nBu rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131 hafif seyreder; koronavir\u00fcsler,\nbilindik so\u011fuk alg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na yol a\u00e7an y\u00fczlerce potansiyel\nnedenler aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Ancak di\u011fer baz\u0131 rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\n\u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcld\u00fcr: 2012\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Ortado\u011fu Solunum Yolu\nSendromu koronavir\u00fcs (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus \u2013\nMERS-CoV), resmi olarak onaylanan 2040 vakan\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te birini\n\u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc.[3]<\/a>\nCovid-19, ba\u015fka semptomlarla beraber ate\u015fe ve kuru \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fc\u011fe\nneden oluyor. Rahats\u0131zl\u0131k \u00f6zellikle ya\u015fl\u0131larda ve ba\u015fka\nrahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 da olan insanlarda \u00f6ld\u00fcrme riski ta\u015f\u0131yan\nzat\u00fcrreye do\u011fru ilerliyor. Bu makalenin yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada \u00f6l\u00fcm\noran\u0131 (rapor edilen \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin toplam vakalar i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131)\nkabaca % 3-4 civar\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor; mevsimlik grip (influenza)\nsalg\u0131nlar\u0131nda ise bu oran % 0,1.[4]<\/a>\nKoronavir\u00fcs, enfekte olmu\u015f ki\u015filerden kaynakl\u0131 damlac\u0131klar\u0131n\nhavaya yay\u0131lmas\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck vas\u0131tas\u0131yla) ve vir\u00fcsl\u00fc\ny\u00fczeylere dokunulmas\u0131 yoluyla bula\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Molek\u00fcler d\u00fczeyde\nkoronavir\u00fcsler, tek iplikli RNA\u2019dan m\u00fcte\u015fekkildir; bunun anlam\u0131\nbu vir\u00fcslerin \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 mutasyon ge\u00e7irebilmeleridir: \u201c\u0130nsan\ngenomunun y\u00fczde birinin evrim ge\u00e7irmesi sekiz milyon y\u0131l al\u0131r.\n<\/em>Canl\u0131larda yer alan p<\/em>ek \u00e7ok RNA vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fczde\nbirden daha fazla evrim ge\u00e7irmesi ise sadece g\u00fcnler s\u00fcrer<\/em>\u201d.[5]<\/a>\nDi\u011fer pek \u00e7ok vir\u00fcs gibi koronavir\u00fcsler de hayvan s\u00fcr\u00fclerini\nkendilerine \u201cdepo\u201d kullan\u0131r. Salg\u0131n ve pandemilerin \u00e7o\u011fu yeni\nvir\u00fcslerin hayvanlardan insanlara ge\u00e7mesiyle ba\u015flar. Bu s\u00fcrece\n(vir\u00fcs\u00fcn hayvandan insana bula\u015fmas\u0131na) zoonoz denir. Vir\u00fcs,\nmutasyona u\u011frar ve insandan insana bula\u015fma kabiliyeti kazan\u0131r.\nVir\u00fcs\u00fcn mutasyona u\u011fram\u0131\u015f yeni \u015fekli bu s\u0131\u00e7ramay\u0131\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011finde kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hastal\u0131\u011fa ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131\nolmayan bir insan grubu bulur; bunun y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkileri olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grip, bunun iyi bir\n\u00f6rne\u011fidir. T\u0131pk\u0131 koronalar gibi grip vir\u00fcs\u00fc de tek iplikli\nRNA\u2019ya sahiptir. Gripte \u00f6rdek ve kaz gibi su ku\u015flar\u0131 depo\nvazifesi g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Vir\u00fcs, ku\u015f topluluklar\u0131nda \u00e7ok\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.\nAncak ku\u015flarda g\u00f6rece hafif semptomlara yol a\u00e7ar; \u00e7o\u011funlukla\nrastlanan, ku\u015fun d\u0131\u015fk\u0131lama yoluyla vir\u00fcs\u00fc yaymas\u0131na neden olan\nsindirim problemleridir.[6]<\/a>\nVir\u00fcs, insan topluluklar\u0131na ge\u00e7ti\u011finde solunum yolu enfeksiyonu\nhalini al\u0131r. Her ne kadar vir\u00fcs, ku\u015flardan do\u011frudan insanlara\nge\u00e7ecek \u015fekilde kendili\u011finden mutasyona u\u011frayabilirse de buna \u00e7ok\ns\u0131k rastlanmaz. Genellikle bir arac\u0131 t\u00fcre ihtiya\u00e7 duyar. Domuz\nb\u00f6ylesi bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc g\u00f6revi i\u00e7in bi\u00e7ilmi\u015f kaftand\u0131r; zira onun\nh\u00fccreleri hem ku\u015f hem de insan kaynakl\u0131 vir\u00fcslerden enfekte\nolabilir ve yeni melez bi\u00e7imlerin olu\u015fmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flar.[7]<\/a>\nMevsimsel grip umumiyetle her sene t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada yar\u0131m milyonla bir\nmilyon aras\u0131 insan\u0131n \u00f6lmesine neden olur.[8]<\/a>\nPandemik grip ise sa\u011fl\u0131k sistemlerini \u00e7\u00f6kertebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baz\u0131 koronavir\u00fcsler\nku\u015f topluluklar\u0131nda da var olur. Fakat insanlara bula\u015fan t\u00fcrlerin\nesas konaklar\u0131 yarasalard\u0131r.[9]<\/a>\nBurada da domuz, misk kedisi veya deve, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn yarasadan insana\nge\u00e7mesinde arac\u0131 rol\u00fc oynar.[10]<\/a>\nDolay\u0131s\u0131yla zoonoz, koronavir\u00fcslerin yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n kritik\na\u015famas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pandemilerin k\u0131sa tarihi<\/h2>\n\n\n

Erken d\u00f6nem insan topluluklar\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 gruplardan ibaretti. O zamanlar bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131 hayvanlardan veya \u00e7evrelerindekilerden kap\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck insan gruplar\u0131 ya bu hastal\u0131klar nedeniyle yok oluyor ya da ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k geli\u015ftiriyorlard\u0131; her iki durumda da enfeksiyonlar\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011fa ilk maruz kalan gruplardan di\u011ferlerine bula\u015fma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fc. Bu durum 10 bin sene evvel ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve yerle\u015fik tar\u0131m topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan Neolitik Devrim [Tar\u0131m Devrimi \u2013 \u00e7.n.] ile de\u011fi\u015fti. N\u00fcfus artt\u0131, yerle\u015fim yerlerinde at\u0131klar birikmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Baz\u0131 yerlerde insanlar besi hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131 evcille\u015ftirdiler ve bunlarla yan yana ya\u015famaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylece vir\u00fcslerin ve di\u011fer patojenlerin yay\u0131lma imkanlar\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131. Bunda ticaretin geli\u015fmesi, sava\u015flar ve topluluklar aras\u0131nda g\u00f6\u00e7ler de etkili oldu.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

Zamanla bir dizi\nhastal\u0131\u011fa birlikte maruz kalma, \u201cistikrars\u0131z yerle\u015fme\u201dye yol\na\u00e7t\u0131, Akdeniz veya Hint alt k\u0131tas\u0131 gibi merkezlerin \u00e7evresindeki\nb\u00fcy\u00fck alanlar\u0131 kapsayan William McNeill\u2019in tabiriyle\n\u201cmedenile\u015fmi\u015f hastal\u0131k havuzlar\u0131\u201d olu\u015ftu.[12]<\/a>\nBununla birlikte yeni ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, sava\u015flar ve\nfetihler bu havuzlara yeni hastal\u0131klar\u0131n aniden giri\u015fini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn\nk\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin MS 165\u2019te Mezopotamya\u2019ya d\u00fczenlenen sefer\nRoma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun geneline yay\u0131lan bir salg\u0131na (muhtemelen\n\u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131) neden oldu; 15 y\u0131l kadar s\u00fcren salg\u0131n,\nula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerdeki n\u00fcfusun \u00fc\u00e7te birini k\u0131rd\u0131.[13]<\/a>\nSineklerin ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir bakteri enfeksiyonu olan h\u0131yarc\u0131kl\u0131\nveba salg\u0131n\u0131, i\u00e7inde kara s\u0131\u00e7anlar\u0131n oldu\u011fu ticari gemiler\nvas\u0131tas\u0131yla 541 y\u0131l\u0131nda Akdeniz\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131; 767 y\u0131l\u0131na\nkadar ara ara kendini hissettiren salg\u0131n, baz\u0131 tahminlere g\u00f6re\nn\u00fcfusun onda birini \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc.[14]<\/a>\nMcNeill\u2019e g\u00f6re 13. yy.dan itibaren Mo\u011fol \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\nsayesinde a\u00e7\u0131lan yeni ticaret yollar\u0131 Avrasya boyunca geni\u015f bir\nileti\u015fim a\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturdu ve bu, h\u0131yarc\u0131kl\u0131 veban\u0131n steplerin\nkemirgenlerine bula\u015fmas\u0131na neden oldu. Buradan itibaren kervan\nyollar\u0131 boyunca hastal\u0131k yay\u0131ld\u0131, 1346\u2019da K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131\nve Avrupa\u2019da Kara \u00d6l\u00fcm diye bilinen pandemiye yol a\u00e7t\u0131.[15]<\/a>\nO zamana kadar ticaret ve deniz yolu a\u011flar\u0131 \u00e7oktan Kuzey Avrupa\u2019ya\nula\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan kara s\u0131\u00e7anlar yay\u0131ld\u0131, pandemi t\u00fcm k\u0131tay\u0131\nkaplad\u0131 ve 1346-50 aras\u0131nda n\u00fcfusun \u00fc\u00e7te birini \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc.[16]<\/a>\nN\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011fundaki art\u0131\u015f, \u00e7\u00f6p y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 ve farelerle\nku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131\nkolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Avrupa\u2019da s\u0131radan h\u0131yarc\u0131kl\u0131 veba salg\u0131nlar\u0131\n1670\u2019lere kadar devam etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa\u2019daki Kara\n\u00d6l\u00fcm\u2019\u00fcn y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkilerinden daha beter olan\u0131 \u201ceski d\u00fcnya\u201d\nhastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n Amerika K\u0131tas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kolonile\u015ftirilmesiyle\nya\u015fand\u0131. \u201cYeni d\u00fcnya\u201d daha k\u0131r\u0131lgan bir yap\u0131ya sahipti.\nAmerika\u2019da yerle\u015fim yerlerinin n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011fu fazlayd\u0131;\nayr\u0131ca uzun bir salg\u0131nlar tarihine sahip Avrasya-Afrika kara\npar\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n ekolojik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 da burada mevcut de\u011fildi.\nBurada evcil hayvanlar g\u0131da \u00fcretiminde daha az role sahipti.[17]<\/a>\nKabakulak ve k\u0131zam\u0131kla birlikte \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge\nimparatorlu\u011fu in\u015fas\u0131 vah\u015fetine e\u015flik etti. Sonu\u00e7 olarak ortaya\n\u00e7\u0131kan salg\u0131nlar 1568\u2019i takip eden yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131lda Orta\nMeksika\u2019n\u0131n n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 90\u2019\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131ma u\u011fratt\u0131.[18]<\/a>\nK\u0131tan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131nda da benzeri y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkiler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.\nPeru\u2019nun yerli halk\u0131n\u0131n n\u00fcfusu yedi milyondan yar\u0131m milyona\nindi.[19]<\/a>\nBu y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n soluk bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 \u201ceski d\u00fcnya\u201dda da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.\nB\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle Amerika\u2019daki salg\u0131n\u0131n bir neticesi olarak\nAvrupa\u2019da daha \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir \u00e7i\u00e7ek salg\u0131n\u0131 17. yy.da geri\ngeldi ve 18. yy.\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda y\u0131lda 400 bin ki\u015fiyi ald\u0131\ng\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc.[20]<\/a>\n\n\n\n

O d\u00f6nemde Avrupa,\nkendi i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sosyal de\u011fi\u015fim ge\u00e7iriyordu. 18. yy.da\nBritanya\u2019da ba\u015flayan end\u00fcstriyel kapitalizmin geli\u015fmesiyle\nbirlikte \u015fehirle\u015fme hareketi h\u0131zland\u0131. \u00c7ok say\u0131da insan\u0131n\nniteliksiz h\u0131fz\u0131ss\u0131hha ko\u015fullar\u0131na sahip gecekondu mahallerine\nt\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, yeni, pis kasabalar ve \u015fehirler kuruldu. Sefalet,\nstres ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 n\u00fcfus, hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131\nart\u0131rd\u0131 ve ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan hastal\u0131klar\u0131n h\u0131zla yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n\n\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131. Dahas\u0131, \u015fehirlerde ba\u015f g\u00f6steren hastal\u0131klar\ngeli\u015fen ticaret a\u011flar\u0131, i\u015f bulmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6\u00e7 edenler,\ns\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin idaresi veya buralardaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar veya sava\u015f,\nyoksulluk veya bask\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu g\u00f6\u00e7ler nedeniyle di\u011fer\nyerlere de yay\u0131l\u0131yordu.[21]<\/a>\nGer\u00e7ekten beslenme, kanalizasyon, hijyen ve kamusal sa\u011fl\u0131k\nhizmetlerinin geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 19. yy. boyunca Britanya\u2019daki\nkentliler, k\u0131rdakilere g\u00f6re daha gen\u00e7 \u00f6l\u00fcyordu. \u00d6zellikle\nLondra insan \u201c\u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fcyordu\u201d; 18. yy.\u0131n genelinde \u201c\u00e7o\u011funlukla\n\u00e7i\u00e7ek, k\u0131zam\u0131k ve verem gibi \u2018kalabal\u0131k hastal\u0131klar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n\nneticesi olarak<\/em>\u201d[22]<\/a>\nvaftiz edilenlerden daha fazlas\u0131 toprak alt\u0131na g\u00f6nderiliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zoonoz\nvas\u0131tas\u0131yla bula\u015fan grip veya koronavir\u00fcslerin aksine \u00e7i\u00e7ek\nhastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na neden olan vir\u00fcs\u00fcn deposu insanlard\u0131.\nBir\nb\u00f6lgeye do\u011fru ilerledi\u011finde o b\u00f6lgenin 100 bin n\u00fcfusa sahip\nolmas\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n devam\u0131na neden olacak yeterli say\u0131da k\u0131r\u0131lgan\ninsan\u0131n var olmas\u0131n\u0131 garanti ediyordu.[23]<\/a>\n17.\nyy.\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda\nLondra\u2019n\u0131n n\u00fcfusu bu say\u0131n\u0131n\n\u00fc\u00e7\nkat\u0131ndan fazlayd\u0131; 1801\u2019e\ngelindi\u011finde Manchester, Liverpool ve Birmingham\u2019\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc de 100\nbin n\u00fcfusa ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f kentlerdi. Viral\nolmaktan\nziyade bakteriyel k\u00f6kenli olan ve genellikle akci\u011ferleri etkileyen\nveremde de zoonoz \u00f6nemliydi. Enfekte\nolmu\u015f s\u00fctten insana ge\u00e7en verem, daha sonra \u00f6ks\u00fcrme ve salya\nvas\u0131tas\u0131yla insandan insana bula\u015f\u0131r. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\nbin y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar uzanan\nkan\u0131tlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015f hayvanlar\u0131n\nevcille\u015ftirilmesini\nsorumlu olarak i\u015faret\neder. Buna\nkar\u015f\u0131n esasen\nsanayi kentlerinde en \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00fcm nedenlerinden birisi haline\ngeldi; 1780\u2019de \u0130ngiltere ve Galler\u2019de her be\u015f \u00f6l\u00fcmden\nbirisinin sorumlusu veremdi.[24]<\/a>\nBuradan\nitibaren sanayile\u015fmenin ba\u015flar\u0131nda hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\nyay\u0131lmas\u0131 belli bir \u015fablona g\u00f6re ilerliyordu; \u00f6nce Bat\u0131 Avrupa,\nsonra Do\u011fu Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika \u2013 1812-21 aras\u0131nda New\nYork\u2019ta \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin\nd\u00f6rtte birinin nedeni \u201c[insan\u0131] t\u00fcketen [hastal\u0131k]\u201d olarak\nan\u0131lan veremdi.\nHastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\nyay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in illa sadece\nn\u00fcfus\nyo\u011funlu\u011funun fazla oldu\u011fu kentsel yerle\u015fim yerlerine\ngerek yoktu; hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nce inekten ine\u011fe daha sonra inekten\ninsana aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cmahalle\nmand\u0131ralar\u0131\u201dn\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da yeterliydi.[25]<\/a>\n\n\n\n

\n19.\nyy.a gelindi\u011finde \u015fehirle\u015fmenin, yoksullu\u011fun ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin\nbirle\u015fimi yeni tehditler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Hindistan\u2019da kolera\ny\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca yayg\u0131n olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. Onun Britanya\n\u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na dahli ve buna e\u015flik eden insan ve mal\nhareketlili\u011fi, koleran\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131na neden oldu. 1817\u2019de\nHindistan\u2019da ba\u015flayan salg\u0131n Rusya ve \u00c7in\u2019i sard\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7 y\u0131l\nsonra Britanya askerleri hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.\nSonras\u0131nda 1832, 1848 ve 1866\u2019da Hindistan\u2019dan yay\u0131lan ger\u00e7ek\npandemiler Avrupa ve Amerika\u2019ya yay\u0131ld\u0131. George Dehner\u2019\u0131n\ndedi\u011fi gibi: \u201cHastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lma bi\u00e7imi tipikti; \u00f6nce\n\u015fehirlerde \u2013 genellikle ticaret a\u011f\u0131na dahil olan liman\n\u015fehirlerinde \u2013 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Salg\u0131nlar, su yolu vas\u0131tas\u0131yla\nbir b\u00f6lgede patlar ve ilerleyen y\u0131llarda \u00fclkeleri ba\u015ftan ba\u015fa\nsarm\u0131\u015f demiryollar\u0131 bunu her yere yayard\u0131<\/em>\u201d.[26]<\/a>\nHastal\u0131\u011fa yakalananlar\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcyordu.\nHastal\u0131k, yoksul b\u00f6lgelerde yo\u011fundu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hastal\u0131\u011fa sebep\nolan bakteri, kirli sular yoluyla yay\u0131l\u0131yordu. 19. yy.\u0131n erken\nd\u00f6nemlerinde kanalizasyon sistemlerinin k\u0131rsal yerle\u015fimlerin evsel\nveya tar\u0131msal at\u0131k sular\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nce sokaklara, oradan da i\u00e7me suyu\nihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan nehir veya g\u00f6llere ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131na s\u0131k\u00e7a\nrastlan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nKoleran\u0131n\n19. yy. Manchester\u2019\u0131nda yay\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olan ko\u015fullar, gen\u00e7\nFriedrich Engels taraf\u0131ndan detayl\u0131ca ortaya konur: \u201cSalg\u0131n\nkendini g\u00f6sterdi\u011finde \u015fehrin burjuvazisinde genel bir <\/em>korku<\/em>\nhali hakim oldu. \u0130nsanlar, fakirlerin k\u00f6t\u00fc konutlar\u0131n\u0131\nhat\u0131rlad\u0131lar ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bu gecekondular\u0131n salg\u0131n merkezleri\nhaline gelme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda titrediler. <\/em>Bu y\u00fczden\nvars\u0131l s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n t\u00fcm hanelerinin \u00fcst\u00fcne her y\u00f6nden sald\u0131ran\nkasvet \u00e7\u00f6reklendi<\/em>\u201d. Sonras\u0131nda Manchester\u2019da denetlenen\n6951 evin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 s\u0131ralar: \u201c2565\u2019inin\nacil badanaya ihtiyac\u0131 var… 960\u2019\u0131 onar\u0131lmal\u0131, 939\u2019u\nyetersiz kanalizasyona sahip, 1435\u2019i rutubetli, 452\u2019si yeterli\nhavaland\u0131rmaya sahip de\u011fil, 2221\u2019inde tuvalet yok<\/em>\u201d.[27]<\/a>\nY\u0131llar sonra \u201ckonut sorunu\u201d \u00fczerine yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 makalelerde bu\nkonuya geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc: \u201cModern do\u011fa bilimleri i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fcst\n\u00fcste ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018k\u00f6t\u00fc mahalleler\u2019 diye bilinen yerlerin\nzaman zaman \u015fehirlerimizin maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 o salg\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00fcreme\nyerleri oldu\u011funu ispatlad\u0131: Kolera, tif\u00fcs, tifo, \u00e7i\u00e7ek ve \u00f6teki\ny\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar… kapitalist toplumsal d\u00fczen \u00e7aresini\nbulmak zorunda oldu\u011fumuz illetleri yeniden ve yeniden \u00fcretiyor<\/em>\u201d.[28]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nB\u00f6ylesi\nko\u015fullar pek \u00e7ok \u00fclke i\u00e7in ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kalm\u0131\u015f hat\u0131ralar de\u011fil.\n\u00d6rne\u011fin sava\u015f\u0131n ve k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hakim oldu\u011fu Yemen\u2019de yak\u0131n\nzamanda bir kolera salg\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi.[29]<\/a>\nDaha s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan durum ise h\u0131zlanan \u015fehirle\u015fme ve bunu\ntakip eden gecekondu yerle\u015fimlerinin sanayile\u015fmenin erken\nd\u00f6nemindeki pandemilere yol a\u00e7an ko\u015fullar\u0131 genelle\u015ftirmesidir.\nKronik rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar ve yetersiz beslenme, kamusal sa\u011fl\u0131k\nharcamalar\u0131ndaki kesintiler ve yetersiz h\u0131fz\u0131ss\u0131hha tedbirleri\nile birle\u015fince \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc enfeksiyonlar, modern d\u00fcnyada kendini\ng\u00f6steriyor.[30]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n19.\nyy.\u0131n sonlar\u0131 20. yy.\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda en geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde\nkalabal\u0131klar\u0131 etkileyen hastal\u0131klar\u0131 besleyen ko\u015fullar\u0131n\ngenelle\u015fmesiyle yeni bir tehlike ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: Pandemik grip.\nGrip salg\u0131nlar\u0131 pek tan\u0131d\u0131k de\u011fildi. Avrupa\u2019da 1550\u2019lerde\nortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir salg\u0131n, \u0130ngiltere n\u00fcfusunun tahminen be\u015fte\nbirini al\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc; bu, sonras\u0131nda yine Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda\ndeh\u015fete yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131.[31]<\/a>\nFakat tehdit Avrupa\u2019ya intikam ate\u015fiyle geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131\n1889\u2019da yapan \u201cRus\u201d gribiydi; bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00d6zbekistan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131\ni\u00e7inde yer alan Buhara\u2019da kopan salg\u0131n \u00f6nce sonbaharda St.\nPetersburg\u2019a, oradan da sekiz hafta i\u00e7inde Avrupa \u00e7ap\u0131na\nyay\u0131ld\u0131; Kuzey Amerika ve G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019ya kadar ula\u015ft\u0131. Takip\neden aylarda G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019ya, sonra Hindistan\u2019a ve en sonunda\nAvustralya ve Yeni Zelanda\u2019ya s\u0131\u00e7rad\u0131. \u201cSon derece\nihtiyatl\u0131 bir tahmin, bu ilk dalgada (1889-1890) \u00f6lenlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131\n270-360 bin aras\u0131nda <\/em>oldu\u011funu <\/em>belirtir<\/em>\u201d.[32]<\/a>\nBu asl\u0131nda basit bir provayd\u0131. 1918 Bahar\u0131\u2019nda Birinci D\u00fcnya\nSava\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcm \u015fiddetiyle devam ederken askerler gribe yakalanmaya\nba\u015flad\u0131. Hastal\u0131k k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede pandemiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecektir; buna\nkar\u015f\u0131n ilk dalgada az bir zayiat verilmi\u015fti ve bu, sava\u015f\u0131n\ng\u00f6lgesinde kald\u0131. Fakat vir\u00fcs\u00fcn mutasyon ge\u00e7irmi\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\nyol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu \u201c\u0130spanyol\u201d gribinin ikinci dalgas\u0131 felaket\nboyutunda ya\u015fand\u0131.[33]<\/a>\nDehner \u015funlar\u0131 yazar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015f, garip bir olaylar bile\u015fkesi yaratt\u0131. Milyonlarca erkek ve kad\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda bir aradayd\u0131… Bu kalabal\u0131k kitleler, k\u00fcrenin her bir k\u00f6\u015fesini birbirine ba\u011flayan ula\u015f\u0131m a\u011flar\u0131na dahildi. Y\u0131pranm\u0131\u015f kitleler salg\u0131nlar\u0131n \u2013 \u00f6zellikle solunum yolu hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n – geni\u015f barut f\u0131\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde oturuyordu.[34]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\nVir\u00fcs\ngeni\u015f bir alana h\u0131zla yay\u0131ld\u0131. Takip eden aylarda insan n\u00fcfusunun\nneredeyse \u00fc\u00e7te birinin vir\u00fcse maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin\nedilmektedir. Sava\u015f\u0131n \u00e7oktan t\u00fcketti\u011fi t\u0131bbi tesisler zat\u00fcrre\nvakalar\u0131na yeti\u015femez oldu. \u0130kinciyi takip eden \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir\ndalga (daha az \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcyd\u00fc) 1919\u2019da kendini g\u00f6sterdi. Son\nyap\u0131lan tahminler bu \u00fc\u00e7 dalgan\u0131n 50-100 milyon insan\u0131\n\u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koyuyor; bu rakam sava\u015fta \u00f6lenlerden kat\nkat fazlad\u0131r.[35]<\/a>\nHer ihtimalde y\u00fcksek \u00f6l\u00fcm oranlar\u0131 sadece gribin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn\nsonucu de\u011fildi; vir\u00fcs ayn\u0131 zamanda zat\u00fcrreye g\u00f6t\u00fcren ikinci bir\nenfeksiyona yol a\u00e7an bir bakteriye de kap\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131yordu.[36]<\/a>\nSalg\u0131ndan en k\u00f6t\u00fc etkilenenler yine en fakir \u00fclkelerdi; buralarda\n\u00f6l\u00fcm kay\u0131tlar\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fcn tutulmuyordu.[37]<\/a>\nHindistan\u2019da muhtemelen 18,5 milyon insan \u00f6ld\u00fc; a\u00e7l\u0131k, k\u00f6t\u00fc\nbar\u0131nma ko\u015fullar\u0131, Britanya\u2019n\u0131n tah\u0131la el koymas\u0131 (ki\ninsanlar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sisteminin zay\u0131flamas\u0131na neden olan bir\nkurakl\u0131k ya\u015fan\u0131yordu ayn\u0131 zamanda) ve yetersiz sa\u011fl\u0131k\nhizmetlerinin hepsi birlikte hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkisini\nart\u0131rd\u0131.[38]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nBilim\ninsanlar\u0131n\u0131n gribin do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 ve onun nas\u0131l b\u00f6yle bir\ny\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011fa sahip oldu\u011funu anlama \u00e7abas\u0131yla ge\u00e7en birka\u00e7 on\ny\u0131l neticesinde 1947\u2019de k\u00fcresel bir grip denetleme program\u0131\nolu\u015fturuldu. Daha sonra bu K\u00fcresel Grip Program\u0131, yeni kurulan\nD\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (DS\u00d6) bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline geldi.\n1957\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kan salg\u0131n (\u201cAsya\u201d gribi) iki, 1968\u2019deki (\u201cHong\nKong\u201d gribi) ise bir milyon insan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bunlar\u0131 iki yanl\u0131\u015f\nalarm takip etti.\n\u0130lki\n1976\u2019da\nba\u015flayan\ndomuz\ngribi salg\u0131n\u0131yd\u0131.\nBir\nABD\naskeri \u00fcss\u00fc i\u00e7ine yay\u0131ld\u0131; salg\u0131n\u0131n\nyok edilmesi i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen\nh\u00fck\u00fcmet\ndestekli bir\nprogram dahilinde ABD\nn\u00fcfusunun yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rtte biri \u2013 43 milyon ki\u015fi \u2013 a\u015f\u0131land\u0131.[39]<\/a>\n\u0130kincisi ise geni\u015f bir kitlenin maruz\nkald\u0131\u011f\u0131, ama bula\u015fanlarda hafif\netkiler yaratan 1977\u2019deki \u201cyalanc\u0131\npandemi\u201dydi.[40]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern tehditler<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pandemiler g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tehdit olma\n\u00f6zelli\u011fini koruyor.[41]<\/a>\nTehdidi tam olarak kavramak i\u00e7in toplumlar\u0131n yap\u0131sal de\u011fi\u015fimlerine\ng\u00f6z atmak ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz tar\u0131msal sistemleri ile zoonoz aras\u0131ndaki\nili\u015fkiye odaklanan Rob Wallace gibi yazarlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda\nortaya koyduklar\u0131na bakmak gerekir. Wallace\u2019\u0131n en iyi bilinen\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olan Big Farms Make Big Flu<\/em> (B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7iftlikler\nB\u00fcy\u00fck Grip Yarat\u0131r) kitab\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli tar\u0131msal\ni\u015fletmelerin hastal\u0131klara yol a\u00e7an zararl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fcreme ve\nyay\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer.[42]<\/a>\nSadece tek bir evcil hayvan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n\ndar alanlarda t\u0131k\u0131\u015f t\u0131k\u0131\u015f yeti\u015ftirilmesi hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\nbula\u015fma ve ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemlerinin zay\u0131flamas\u0131 ihtimalinin\nartmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Tar\u0131msal ticaretin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi,\n\u201chayvanc\u0131l\u0131k devrimi\u201d ile birlikte et t\u00fcketiminin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131\nK\u00fcresel G\u00fcney\u2019de yo\u011funla\u015fan, ama d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda etkili bir\nolgudur. Mike Davis\u2019in dedi\u011fi gibi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcmes ve b\u00fcy\u00fck-k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ba\u015f hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n end\u00fcstrile\u015fmesinin d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki ikonu… her sene 2,2 milyar tavu\u011fu \u00f6ld\u00fcren Tyson Foods [\u015firketi]… dikine koordine edilen b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00fcretimin, anla\u015fmal\u0131 \u00fcreticilerin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin, ilkel anti-sendikac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, i\u015f kazalar\u0131n\u0131n kalesi olman\u0131n, at\u0131klar\u0131n kontrols\u00fczce do\u011faya sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ve siyasi yozla\u015fman\u0131n d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda e\u015fanlaml\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri haline geldi. Tyson gibi canavarlar\u0131n k\u00fcresel h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticileri ya b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli tavuk ve domuz eti \u00fcretimine entegre olma ya da yok olma cenderesine s\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fcyor… B\u00fct\u00fcn tar\u0131msal faaliyet alanlar\u0131 \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin kanatl\u0131 hayvan bek\u00e7isi pozisyonuna itildi\u011fi k\u00fcmes hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ma\u011fazalar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor.[43]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Fakat problemin yegane kayna\u011f\u0131 bu modern end\u00fcstriyel\nhayvanc\u0131l\u0131k kompleksi de\u011fil. Wallace\u2019\u0131n isimsiz bir yazar\u0131n\nChuang dergisinde yer alan yaz\u0131s\u0131ndan aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buna ekonominin u\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndaki benzer yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f i\u015flemler ekleniyor. Yerel ekosistemlere daha yo\u011fun zirai-iktisadi sald\u0131r\u0131lar d\u00fczenlemeye zorlanan halk, \u201cyabani\u201d t\u00fcrlerle gitgide daha fazla temasa ge\u00e7iyor… salg\u0131nlar genel olarak iki kategori alt\u0131nda incelenebilir. Birincisi tar\u0131msal ekonomik \u00fcretimin \u00e7ekirde\u011finden do\u011fan salg\u0131nlar, ikincisi ise bunun arka cephesinden kaynaklananlar… Sermayenin temel mant\u0131\u011f\u0131; \u00f6nceleri izole kalm\u0131\u015f veya zarars\u0131z olan vir\u00fcslerin, salg\u0131nlara yol a\u00e7an t\u00fcrlerin ayakta kalmas\u0131na hizmet eden a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 rekabet\u00e7i \u00e7evrelere ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na yard\u0131m eder. Bu yeni t\u00fcrler h\u0131zl\u0131 ya\u015fam \u00e7evrimi, zoonoz kabiliyeti… ve yeni bula\u015fma y\u00f6ntemlerine h\u0131zl\u0131ca uyum sa\u011flama gibi \u00f6zelliklere sahiptir.[44]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\nBa\u015fka\nbir deyi\u015fle yeni vir\u00fcslerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sadece\nend\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m firmalar\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ekosistemlerin\ngittik\u00e7e daha fazla rahats\u0131z edilmesi ve ticari mal \u00fcretiminin\nartmas\u0131 da rol oynar. Bu hem farkl\u0131 hayvan t\u00fcrlerinin bir araya\ngetirilmesi hem de insanlarla di\u011fer hayvanlar\u0131n irtibatlanmas\u0131\nsonucunu do\u011furur; b\u00f6ylece yeni patojenler dola\u015f\u0131ma girer. Birka\u00e7\n\u00f6rnekle a\u00e7\u0131klayal\u0131m: 1960\u2019lardaki Bolivya kanamal\u0131 ate\u015fi\nhastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 kemirgenlerden tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ilerine bula\u015ft\u0131. 1963-1964\nsalg\u0131n\u0131\n\u015f\u00f6yle\nortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: San Joaquin b\u00f6lgesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck\ns\u0131\u011f\u0131r \u00e7iftliklerinin\nsahiplerinin\n1952 devrimiyle\nbirlikte m\u00fclklerine\nel kondu ve bunlar\nkapand\u0131;\ni\u015fsiz\nkalan tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ileri kendilerine ge\u00e7im sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in s\u0131k\normanlara girip tar\u0131m\nyapmak zorunda kald\u0131lar. Bunu yaparak kemirgenlerin do\u011fal\nhabitatlar\u0131n\u0131 rahats\u0131z etmi\u015f oldular; onlar da k\u00f6yleri i\u015fgal\netti \u2013 bu, s\u0131tmay\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na alabilmek i\u00e7in DDT\nkullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kedi n\u00fcfusunu azaltmas\u0131n\u0131n da bir sonucudur.[45]<\/a>\nYol yap\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, kemirgenleri g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye zorlad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan\nhastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda daha fazla yay\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.[46]<\/a>\n1990\u2019lar\u0131n sonunda G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019da nipah vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ortaya\n\u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni domuz yeti\u015ftiricili\u011findeki art\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\nYarasalar\u0131n do\u011fal habitatlar\u0131n\u0131n kurakl\u0131k ve insan eliyle olu\u015fan\normans\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rma nedeniyle vir\u00fcs, domuzlara yarasalardan (b\u00fcy\u00fck\nihtimalle yarasa d\u0131\u015fk\u0131lar\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla) bula\u015ft\u0131.[47]<\/a>\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemli \u00f6rneklerinden birisi de Bat\u0131\nAfrika\u2019da 2013\u2019te salg\u0131na neden olan ebola vir\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr;\nbula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 insanlar\u0131n % 90\u2019\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. Gine Savanas\u0131\nB\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde Amerikan, Avrupal\u0131 ve \u00c7inli \u00e7ok uluslu \u015firketlerin\nhaks\u0131z toprak ele ge\u00e7irmeleri, beslenme ve bar\u0131nma ihtiyac\u0131ndaki\nyarasalar\u0131 geni\u015fleyen palmiye ya\u011f\u0131 plantasyonlar\u0131na do\u011fru\n\u00e7ekti; bu da zoonos ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 yaratt\u0131.[48]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nBu\ndurum tar\u0131msal faaliyetlerin denetimsiz geni\u015flemesi neticesinde son\nd\u00f6nemde daha da vahimle\u015fti. Bu y\u00fczden Wallace, kendisiyle yap\u0131lan\nson r\u00f6portajlardan birisinde \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yledi: \u201c[End\u00fcstriyel\ntar\u0131m\u0131n yan\u0131nda] sermaye, balta girmemi\u015f ormanlar\u0131n ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\n\u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin elindeki topraklar\u0131n gasp edilmesinde ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ekiyor.\nBu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar ormans\u0131zla\u015fmay\u0131 ve hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan\ngeli\u015fmeyi do\u011furuyor. Bu geni\u015f topraklardaki \u00e7e\u015fitlilik ve\nkompleks yap\u0131 \u00f6nceden g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015f patojenlerin yerel\ninsan topluluklar\u0131na ve besi hayvanlar\u0131na bula\u015fmas\u0131na elveri\u015fli\nbir ortam yarat\u0131yor<\/em>\u201d. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, sistemin merkezinden bo\u015falan\nsermaye ak\u0131m\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor: \u201cVelhas\u0131l,\nsermayenin merkezleri \u2013 Londra, New York ve Hong Kong gibi yerler \u2013\nbize bula\u015fan hastal\u0131klar\u0131n <\/em>\u00f6nc\u00fcl <\/em>merkezleri olarak\ng\u00f6r\u00fclmelidir<\/em>\u201d.[49]<\/a>\nZoonos vakalar\u0131n artmas\u0131nda topra\u011f\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fim\nkadar iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin neden oldu\u011fu ekolojik bozulman\u0131n\nh\u0131zlanmas\u0131 da etkilidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu iki ucu keskin tehdidin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi son y\u0131llarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan grip salg\u0131nlar\u0131nda kendini g\u00f6sterir. Bunlardan birincisi ilk \u00f6nce 1997\u2019de Hong Kong\u2019da tavuk \u00e7iftliklerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cku\u015f gribi\u201dydi; gribe yol a\u00e7an vir\u00fcs, H5N1 olarak bilinen al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k bir t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta pek \u00e7ok tavuk \u00f6ld\u00fc. Y\u0131l sonuna do\u011fru H5N1 testi pozitif \u00e7\u0131kan 18 ki\u015fi hastane yatm\u0131\u015f, bunlar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te biri \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Aral\u0131k 1997\u2019de Hong Kong\u2019daki \u201c\u0131slak pazar\u201dda sat\u0131lan tavuklar hastaland\u0131; bundan yine H5N1 sorumluydu.[50]<\/a> Hong Kong\u2019daki \u201c\u00e7iftlikler… tavuklar\u0131n (ku\u015flar i\u00e7in) \u00e7ok stresli, b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00fcr\u00fcler halinde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015fletmelerden ve ku\u015flar\u0131n di\u011fer \u00e7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131yla birlikte \u00f6zg\u00fcrce dola\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u00f6rdek ve kaz gibi vah\u015fi hayvanlarla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 akarsu ve havuzlar\u0131n oldu\u011fu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletmelerden<\/em> [olu\u015fuyor]\u201d. Ayn\u0131 zamanda piyasa dalgalanmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 canl\u0131 ku\u015flar depolayan \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck ambar\u201dlar vard\u0131. Bu plans\u0131z ve yetersiz d\u00fczenlemelere tabi end\u00fcstri \u201c\u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00fcrlerin kapat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 karmakar\u0131\u015f\u0131k kafesler<\/em>\u201dden olu\u015fan pazar i\u00e7in \u00fcretim yap\u0131yordu. Bu t\u00fcrler aras\u0131nda \u201c\u00f6rdek, kaz, keklik, b\u0131ld\u0131rc\u0131n, g\u00fcvercin ve \u00e7e\u015fitli vah\u015fi ku\u015flar<\/em>\u201d\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra memeliler ve s\u00fcr\u00fcngenler yer al\u0131yordu.[51]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nBu\n\u00fcretim sistemleri ana \u00fclke \u00c7in\u2019deki \u00fcreticilere ya\u015famsal\nolarak hem ba\u011fl\u0131 hem de onlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda. Hong\nKong\u2019la s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olan Guangdong, sava\u015f\nsonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde ABD\u2019nin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi end\u00fcstriyel tavuk\nyeti\u015ftiricili\u011fine \u00f6yk\u00fcnen yeni y\u00f6ntemlerin\nbir \u00e7e\u015fit laboratuvar\u0131\nrol\u00fc oynuyordu.[52]<\/a>\nDavis\u2019in belirtti\u011fi\ngibi Guangdong \u201cgribin\nevrimle\u015fme merkezi<\/em>\u201ddir.[53]<\/a>\n\u0130ki Taylandl\u0131 karde\u015fin\nkurdu\u011fu, Deng Xiaoping\u2019in 1978\u2019den itibaren \u00c7in ekonomisini\nd\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7mas\u0131ndan\nkurnazca istifade eden\nve temel olarak ABD\u2019li\nTyson firmas\u0131n\u0131n metotlar\u0131na \u00f6yk\u00fcnen Charoen Pokphand \u015firketi\nbu hikayede kritik bir rol \u00fcstlenir.[54]<\/a>\nEnd\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131ma\ny\u00f6neli\u015f sadece vir\u00fcslerin \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda en\ntehlikeli olanlar\u0131n se\u00e7ilimine\nde neden olur. Wallace\u2019\u0131n dedi\u011fi gibi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Patojenler; ba\u015fkalar\u0131na bula\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek \u015fekilde konaklar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zarar verecek d\u00fczeyde evrim ge\u00e7irmekten kendilerini sak\u0131nmak zorundalar. E\u011fer bir patojen ba\u015fka birisine bula\u015fmadan \u00f6nce kona\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcrse, kendi aktar\u0131m zincirini k\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olur. Fakat patojen yeni bir konak f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok daha erken kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u201cbilirse\u201d ne olur? \u00d6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc olmak patojenin yan\u0131na kar kal\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kendi kona\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeden \u00f6nce zincirdeki di\u011fer uygun halkaya ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r… [End\u00fcstriyel] \u00e7iftliklerde gribin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck d\u00fczeyi \u00fczerinde ba\u015fka bas\u0131n\u00e7lar da s\u00f6z konusudur. Buralarda yeti\u015ftirilen hayvanlar uygun b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011fe geldikleri anda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Tavuk, \u00f6rdek veya domuz kurban gitmeden \u00f6nce bu hayvanda yerle\u015fik grip enfeksiyonu aktar\u0131m zincirinde yer alan di\u011fer herhangi bir hayvana h\u0131zla ula\u015fabilmelidir.[55]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\nK\u00fcmes\nhayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc\nde\u011fi\u015f-toku\u015f edildi\u011fi\nGuangdong-Hong Kong hatt\u0131 bu y\u00fczden \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl grip vir\u00fcs\u00fc i\u00e7in\nideal bir alan olu\u015fturuyordu.\nB\u00fcy\u00fcyen, end\u00fcstrile\u015fmi\u015f\n(ama eksik d\u00fczenlemelere tabi), farkl\u0131 ku\u015flar\u0131n birlikte\nyeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi, hem b\u00f6lgenin sulak arazilerine hem de \u201c\u0131slak\npazar\u201dlara do\u011fru geni\u015fleyen \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik modeli bu y\u00f6rede bir\naraya geliyordu. Sonras\u0131nda\nkazlarda bulunan bir vir\u00fcs\nt\u00fcr\u00fc ile b\u0131ld\u0131rc\u0131nlarda\nbulunan iki grip vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn\nbir araya gelmesiyle H5N1\nvir\u00fcs\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.[56]<\/a>\nSalg\u0131n; b\u00fcy\u00fck bir itlaf\ndalgas\u0131, temizleme amac\u0131yla pazarlar\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131, pazarda\nfarkl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 sat\u0131lma h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn getirilmesi ve\ncanl\u0131 \u00f6rdek sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131 yoluyla kontrol alt\u0131na\nal\u0131nd\u0131. 200 milyondan fazla ku\u015f \u00f6ld\u00fc veya itlaf edildi.[57]<\/a>\nH5N1\u2019in \u015fimdiye kadar\nsadece birka\u00e7 vakada insandan insana bula\u015fmas\u0131 ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir\n\u00f6l\u00e7ekte ya\u015fanmas\u0131 sayesinde bu \u00f6nlemler i\u015fe yarad\u0131.[58]<\/a>\nDS\u00d6\u2019n\u00fcn kay\u0131tlar\u0131na\ng\u00f6re en fazla etkilenen \u00fclkeler M\u0131s\u0131r, Endonezya ve Vietnam oldu.\nToplam 861 insanda hastal\u0131k belirtisi g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc; bunlar\u0131n 455\u2019i\n\u00f6ld\u00fc.[59]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nFakat\n21. yy.\u0131n ilk grip\npandemisine neden olan vir\u00fcs H5N1 de\u011fildi. Onun\nyerine 2009\u2019da yeni bir tehdit ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi: 1918\npandemisine yol a\u00e7an\nvir\u00fcs\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015fik bir bi\u00e7imi olan H1N1. \u00dcstelik bu salg\u0131n\nG\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019n\u0131n \u201c\u0131slak pazar\u201dlar\u0131nda de\u011fil Kuzey\nAmerika\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. ABD\u2019de\nilk vakalar\u0131n\ntespit edilmesine\nkadar insandan insana bula\u015fma \u00e7oktan m\u00fcmk\u00fcn hale gelmi\u015fti.\nHastal\u0131k, \u00e7o\u011funlukla\nb\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli end\u00fcstriyel faaliyet alan\u0131 haline gelmi\u015f\nMeksikal\u0131 domuz s\u00fcr\u00fcleri vas\u0131tas\u0131yla yay\u0131ld\u0131.[60]<\/a>\nHastal\u0131\u011fa neden olan\nvir\u00fcs t\u00fcr\u00fc \u201cinsan, ku\u015f ve biri\nKuzey Amerikan ve di\u011feri\nAvrasyal\u0131 iki farkl\u0131\ndomuz soyu\u201dnun gen b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini bir araya getirmi\u015fti.[61]<\/a>\nDS\u00d6 h\u0131zl\u0131ca domuz\ngribini bir pandemi olarak ilan etti. Neyse\nki vir\u00fcs\u00fcn, mevsimlik gribin \u00f6ld\u00fcrme oran\u0131na sahip, nispeten\nzay\u0131f bir t\u00fcr oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bunun\nsonucunda, ama\n\u00f6zellikle British Medical\nJournal\u2019da (Britanya T\u0131p Dergisi) bir\ndizi DS\u00d6 uzman\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131\nve anti-vir\u00fcs \u00fcretiminden kar elde eden ila\u00e7\nfirmalar\u0131ndan para ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131ndan sonra\nDS\u00d6\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131\nb\u00fcy\u00fck bir tepki ortaya\n\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.[62]<\/a>\nBu, sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin\nkamu yerine \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6rde \u00fcretilmesinin do\u011furdu\u011fu\ntehlikeyi ortaya koyar. G\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc\nkar h\u0131rs\u0131 b\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015flerin t\u0131bbi\nkurumsal yap\u0131ya\ns\u0131zmas\u0131 halinde bu kurumlar\u0131n\n\u015f\u00fcphe veya \u00f6fke uyand\u0131rmas\u0131\n\u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir.\nBununla birlikte H5N1 ve\nH1N1\u2019i ucuz atlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veya ertelenmi\u015f felaketler olarak\nde\u011ferlendirmek gerekir; ilki \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde insandan insana\nbula\u015fma kapasitesine daha ula\u015famamas\u0131ndan,\nikincisi ise \u015fu anki bi\u00e7iminin \u00f6zellikle \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc olmamas\u0131ndan\ndolay\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nAncak\nayn\u0131 \u015fey, \u00f6nceki\niki koronavir\u00fcs salg\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00f6ylenemez. 2003\u2019te\nGuangdong\u2019da bir koronavir\u00fcs t\u00fcr\u00fc, beraberinde b\u00f6lgede bir s\u00fcr\u00fc\nzat\u00fcrre vakas\u0131 yaratarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bunun\nsonucunda g\u00f6r\u00fclen SARS (\u015eiddetli\nAkut\nSolunum\nYolu\nSendromu)\nhastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 %10 d\u00fczeyinde bir \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131na sahipti. SARS\u2019\u0131n\nkayna\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle bir dizi koronavir\u00fcs\u00fcn deposu olan\n\u00c7in nalburunlu yarasas\u0131\nile insanlar aras\u0131ndaki k\u00f6pr\u00fc g\u00f6revi\ng\u00f6ren di\u011fer hayvanlarla birlikte b\u00f6lgedeki\n\u201c\u0131slak pazar\u201dda sat\u0131lan \u201cmaskeli palmiye misk kedisi\u201d idi.[63]<\/a>\nSARS\u2019\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131\nWallace\u2019\u0131n kent-k\u0131r etkile\u015fimi arg\u00fcman\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r.\nGuangdong\u2019un h\u0131zl\u0131\nb\u00fcy\u00fcmesi geni\u015f bir \u201ckent \u00e7evresi\u201d b\u00f6lgesi yaratt\u0131. Bu\nb\u00f6lgenin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan\n\u00f6zelli\u011fi sadece \u201csanayi\nve tar\u0131m\u0131n veya kentsel ve k\u0131rsal faaliyetlerin birlikte var\nolmas\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda <\/em>bu\niki sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 <\/em>birbirine\nba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olmas\u0131<\/em>\u201dd\u0131r.\nBu s\u00fcre\u00e7 \u00c7in\u2019in d\u00fcnya\nekonomisine a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131ndan itibaren h\u0131zland\u0131. \u201cReform\n\u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde kent-k\u0131r etkile\u015fimi olduk\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131…\n<\/em>iktisadi\nkaynaklar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ve fiyatlar\u0131n merkezi olarak\nbelirlenmesi<\/em> <\/em>ve\n\u015fehirle k\u0131r aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez ama etkili bir \u2018duvar\u2019\nolu\u015fturan n\u00fcfus hareketlili\u011finin kontrol edilmesi nedeniyle…\n<\/em>Reformlardan beri\nliberal ve esnek ekonomi politikalar\u0131n\u0131n tedav\u00fcle sokulmas\u0131\n<\/em>\u015fehirliyle\nk\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn kendili\u011finden ve do\u011frudan etkile\u015fime ge\u00e7mesinin ve\nkent-k\u0131r ili\u015fkilerinin yeniden d\u00fczenleni\u015finin yolunu a\u00e7t\u0131<\/em>\u201d.[64]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nHastal\u0131k\n2002\u2019nin sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru o\nzamanki n\u00fcfusu 10 milyon\nolan Guangzhou kentine ula\u015ft\u0131. Buna\nra\u011fmen \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmet yetkilileri 11 \u015eubat 2003\u2019e kadar ne\nkendi ne\nde uluslararas\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k\nkurumlar\u0131yla\nsalg\u0131n hakk\u0131nda bilgi payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda\nbulunmad\u0131.[65]<\/a>\nSARS ancak 2004\u2019te\ndevlet taraf\u0131ndan idare edilen b\u00fcy\u00fck bir karantina, hastal\u0131k\ntespiti ve temizlik program\u0131 sayesinde kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nabildi;[66]<\/a>\npek \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan bu uygulamalar 2020\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131nda devreye sokulan\n\u00f6nlemlerin provas\u0131 gibi i\u015flev g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Fakat\nCovid-19\u2019da i\u015fler bu kadar basit de\u011fil.\nSARS\u2019a yakalananlar\n\u00e7o\u011funlukla ancak \u00e7ok hasta ve g\u00fc\u00e7ten d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olduklar\u0131 vakit\nhastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 bula\u015ft\u0131rma \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip oluyorlard\u0131. \u015eu anda\nson derece\ngeni\u015f bir alana \u00e7oktan\nyay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan\nCovid-19\u2019da ise durum b\u00f6yle de\u011fil.[67]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nMERS\n(Ortado\u011fu Solunum Yolu Sendromu) hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na\nyol a\u00e7an, \u00e7ok daha tehlikeli (\u00f6ld\u00fcrme oran\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7te bir) bir\nkoronavir\u00fcs 2012\u2019de Suudi\nArabistan\u2019da ortaya\n\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ortado\u011fu\u2019da\ngeni\u015f bir b\u00f6lgeye, Avrupa\u2019ya, Asya\u2019ya ve Kuzey Amerika\u2019ya\nyay\u0131lan salg\u0131n 2494 vakaya ve 858 ki\u015finin \u00f6lmesine neden oldu.[68]<\/a>\nBu hastal\u0131kta yarasalarla\ninsanlar aras\u0131ndaki k\u00f6pr\u00fc, \u00e7\u00f6l devesi oldu; devenin bu vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\n\u00e7e\u015fitli formlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 on y\u0131llard\u0131r biliniyor.\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde petrol\nzengini ve yayg\u0131nca \u015fehirle\u015fmi\u015f Arap \u00fclkelerinde develer, et\nt\u00fcketiminin zorunlu kayna\u011f\u0131 veya y\u00fck hayvan\u0131 olarak beslenmiyor;\nbunun yerine daha \u00e7ok bir\nstat\u00fc sembol\u00fc (\u00f6rne\u011fin\ndeve yar\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve g\u00f6sterileri i\u00e7in) veya et veya s\u00fct \u00fcr\u00fcnleri\nsat\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yorlar.\nSuudi Arabistan\u2019da yo\u011fun\nbir deve yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriliyor. Bunun yan\u0131nda \u00fclke\nbol miktarda canl\u0131 deve ithal ediyor (2013\u2019te \u00fclkede kesilen\ndevelerin\n% 70\u2019i ithaldi). Ayr\u0131ca develer yar\u0131\u015flar ve g\u00f6steriler i\u00e7in\n\u00e7e\u015fitli Arap \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131yorlar. Bu ticari\nfaaliyetler, farkl\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fclerdeki farkl\u0131 koronavir\u00fcs tiplerinin\nkar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ve sonu\u00e7ta MERS salg\u0131na neden oldu.[69]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Covid-19\u2019un\nortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

SARS ve MERS\u2019te oldu\u011fu\ngibi Covid-19\u2019a da bir betakoronavir\u00fcs neden oluyor. Salg\u0131n\u0131n\nba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen 11 milyon n\u00fcfusa sahip\nWuhan, Orta \u00c7in\u2019de yer alan ve denizle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olmayan Hubei\neyaletinin ba\u015fkenti. Guangdong\u2019un\nkuzeyinde yer alan b\u00f6lge, do\u011fusundaki Jiangsu ile birlikte \u00c7in\u2019in\nend\u00fcstriyel b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinin motoru konumunda. Wuhan,\nsu yolu ve sonradan\ndemiryolu a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n merkezi olmas\u0131 hasebiyle\n20. yy.\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda\nekonomik ve politik olarak\n\u00f6nemli bir kentti. 1949\u2019da\nkurulan \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin devlete ait a\u011f\u0131r sanayiye\n(\u00f6zellikle demir ve \u00e7elik) ve sonras\u0131nda otomobil sanayisine\nev sahipli\u011fi yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1970\u2019lerin\nsonlar\u0131nda \u00c7in\nekonomisinin d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla birlikte \u00f6nemini deniz\nk\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgelere kapt\u0131rd\u0131. Buna\nkar\u015f\u0131n son d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in\u2019in in\u015faat furyas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine \u00e7ekilmi\u015f\ndurumda: \u201cWuhan\nelinde fazla fazla bulunan in\u015faat malzemeleri ve m\u00fchendisleriyle\nsadece bu balonu \u015fi\u015firmekle kal<\/em>mad\u0131<\/em>,\nayn\u0131 zamanda <\/em>bunu\nyaparak <\/em>kendi\nkendisini <\/em>bir <\/em>emlak\ncennetine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr<\/em>d\u00fc<\/em>\u201d.[70]<\/a>\nHSBC bankas\u0131n\u0131n bir\nraporuna g\u00f6re 2008-2017 aras\u0131nda Wuhan\u2019\u0131n n\u00fcfusu be\u015fte bir\noran\u0131nda artt\u0131; \u00c7in\u2019in\ndi\u011fer yerlerinde oldu\u011fu gibi yeni gelenlerin pek \u00e7o\u011fu g\u00f6\u00e7mendi.\n\u015eu anda g\u00f6\u00e7menler kent n\u00fcfusunun \u00fc\u00e7te birini olu\u015fturuyor.\n2017\u2019de konut\nyat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 26,8 milyar $ oldu; konaklama \u00fccretleri de son on\ny\u0131lda d\u00f6rt kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kentin\nen zengin adam\u0131 olan Yan Zhi 2018\u2019de 10 milyar $\u2019\u0131 bulan\nservetinin \u00e7o\u011funu emlaktan kazand\u0131.[71]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ok say\u0131da kent sakini g\u0131da\nal\u0131\u015f-veri\u015flerini \u201c\u0131slak pazar\u201dda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyor. Bu\nba\u011flamda Covid-19\u2019un \u00e7\u0131kma nedeni de bu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Buna\nra\u011fmen Wallace\u2019\u0131n i\u015faret etti\u011fi gibi \u201cher\nne kadar end\u00fcstriyel \u00e7iftlikler ve \u2018\u0131slak pazar\u2019lar aras\u0131ndaki\nfark \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli olmasa da ikisi aras\u0131ndaki benzerlikleri (ve\ndiyalektik ili\u015fkiyi) g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rma ihtimalimiz var<\/em>\u201d:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Art\u0131k end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcr\u00fcnler haline gelen, \u00c7in\u2019de ticareti \u00e7ok fazla yap\u0131lan ve \u201c\u0131slak pazar\u201dlarda al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131lan \u00fcr\u00fcnler ile egzotik yiyecekler, ekonominin liberalle\u015ftirilmesinden beri yan yana var oluyorlar… Ger\u00e7ekten iki g\u0131da grubu da topra\u011f\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 yoluyla entegre olmu\u015f olabilir. B\u00fcy\u00fcyen s\u0131nai \u00fcretim mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 gittik\u00e7e artan oranda sermayele\u015fen yabani hayvan eti \u00fcretimini son balta girmemi\u015f alanlara do\u011fru itiyor ve b\u00f6ylece geni\u015f bir yelpazede yer alan, pandemiye yol a\u00e7abilecek potansiyele sahip patojenleri g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor olabilir. Gittik\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fcyen kent \u00e7evreleri ve artan n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011fu yabani hayvanlar ile yeni yeni \u015fehirlile\u015fen k\u0131r n\u00fcfusu aras\u0131ndaki arabirimleri ve temas\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131yor olabilir. D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fe konu olan en vah\u015fi hayvanlar bile [tar\u0131msal] de\u011fer zinciriyle ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f durumda. Bu t\u00fcrler aras\u0131nda deve ku\u015flar\u0131, kirpiler, timsahlar, meyve yarasalar\u0131 ve \u015fu anda yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya sindirdikleri \u00e7ekirdeklerden d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en pahal\u0131 kahvesinin \u00fcretildi\u011fi misk kedileri yer al\u0131yor. Daha bilimsel olarak bile tan\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f yabani t\u00fcrler yemek piyasas\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kabiliyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin b\u00f6yle bir k\u0131sa burunlu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6pek bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc ilk defa Tayvan\u2019da bir pazarda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu t\u00fcrlerin g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesi g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e art\u0131yor. Do\u011fa; b\u00f6lge b\u00f6lge, t\u00fcr t\u00fcr fakirle\u015ftirildik\u00e7e geriye kalanlar \u00e7ok daha pahal\u0131 hale geliyor.[72]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Ger\u00e7ekten\nde \u00c7in\u2019in ulusal d\u00fczeyde izledi\u011fi politika ve b\u00f6lgesel ve yerel\nliderlerin birbirleriyle y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri rekabet y\u00fcz\u00fcnden vah\u015fi\nhayvan yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi geli\u015fti\nve k\u0131rsal sanayinin motoru olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. 2017\u2019de\nvah\u015fi hayvan yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi 71,25 milyar $\u2019l\u0131k bir ekonomi\nhaline geldi.[73]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Covid-19\ns\u00fcratle Wuhan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6tesine ta\u015ft\u0131. Bunda\nsadece d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun \u00f6nceki zamanlar\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6tesinde\nbirbiriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 hale gelmesi de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda\nyolculuklar\u0131n,\npatojenlerin\nkulu\u00e7ka d\u00f6neminden \u00e7ok daha k\u0131sa\ns\u00fcrmesi etkili\noldu. Yolcular\nbelki de hi\u00e7 semptom g\u00f6stermeden yolculuklar\u0131nda varmak\nistedikleri yerlere vard\u0131lar ve fark\u0131nda olmaks\u0131z\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131\nyaymaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 2003\u2019teki\nSARS salg\u0131n\u0131na geri d\u00f6nersek, o zamanlar Hong Kong tek ba\u015f\u0131na\nba\u011flant\u0131 noktas\u0131yd\u0131;[74]<\/a>\n\u015fimdi ise \u00c7in \u015fehirlerinin kendileri di\u011fer yerlerle yo\u011fun\nba\u011flant\u0131lara sahip. Wuhan\u2019\u0131n\n\u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki 60 noktaya u\u00e7u\u015flar\u0131n\nd\u00fczenlendi\u011fi kendi\nuluslararas\u0131 havaalan\u0131 var.[75]<\/a>\n2019\u2019da\n\u00c7in\u2019de 515 milyon \u00fclke i\u00e7i u\u00e7u\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti; 2000\u2019de 6,2\nmilyon olan uluslararas\u0131 u\u00e7u\u015f say\u0131s\u0131 ise 2016\u2019da 51,62 milyona\nula\u015ft\u0131.[76]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019in\n\u015fehirle\u015fme ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme rakamlar\u0131 y\u00fcksek seyrederken sa\u011fl\u0131k\nhizmeti harcamalar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyelerini\nkoruyor.\n\u201c\u00c7o\u011fu\nkamu harcamas\u0131 beton ve asfalt altyap\u0131s\u0131na y\u00f6nlendiriliyor:\nk\u00f6pr\u00fcler, yollar ve sanayi i\u00e7in ucuz elektrifikasyon<\/em>\u201d.\nBu,\ndi\u011fer yerlerdeki sanayile\u015fmenin erken\nd\u00f6nemlerindeki baz\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131n yeniden\nortaya \u00e7\u0131karak\n\u201ctemel\nsa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin genel olarak bozulmas\u0131<\/em>\u201dna\nyol a\u00e7t\u0131. Ki\u015fi\nba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen kamusal sa\u011fl\u0131k harcamalar\u0131 \u201cdi\u011fer\n\u2018\u00fcst-orta gelirli\u2019 \u00fclkelerden bile daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve…\nBrezilya, Belarus ve Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 kadar<\/em>\u201d.[77]<\/a>\nDahas\u0131,\nk\u0131rdan kente g\u00f6\u00e7m\u00fc\u015f pek \u00e7ok \u00c7inli, do\u011fduklar\u0131 yerleri\nb\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131nda sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerine eri\u015femez hale geliyor;\nbunlar,\nbir\nsalg\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7in ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in son derece\nuygun ko\u015fullard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonominin\nindirdi\u011fi darbe<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Son\ny\u0131llarda \u00c7in, kendisini d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck mal ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ve\nhammadde ithalat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc. K\u00fcresel\ngiyim ve tekstil ihracat\u0131n\u0131n %40\u2019\u0131n\u0131; ofis, veri i\u015fleme ve\ntelekom cihazlar\u0131n\u0131nkinin yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te birini; demir ve\n\u00e7eli\u011finkinin %13\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc; entegre devreli elektronik\npar\u00e7alar\u0131nkinin %14\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc kontrol ediyor.[78]<\/a>\nBununla\nbirlikte \u00c7in sadece bir ihracat dinamosu de\u011fil; kendisini k\u00fcresel\n\u00fcretim a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n merkezinde konumland\u0131rd\u0131 ve b\u00f6lgesel ve\nuluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde entegre olmu\u015f durumda. Bu\ndurum \u00f6zellikle elektronik alan\u0131nda ge\u00e7erli. Zhejiang,\nGuangdong ve Henan gibi b\u00f6lgelerde karantina ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve fabrika\nkapatmalar\u0131 neticesinde Apple gibi firmalar\u0131n tedarik zinciri hasar\ng\u00f6rd\u00fc. Apple\u2019\u0131n\niPhone \u00fcreticisi, Tayvanl\u0131 dev \u015firket Foxconn, y\u0131l\u0131n ilk\n\u00e7eyre\u011findeki gelirinin %45 d\u00fczeyinde azalmas\u0131n\u0131 bekliyor. \u00dclke\n\u00e7ap\u0131nda sanayide\nsat\u0131n alma y\u00f6neticileri endeksi (beklenen ekonomik faaliyetler\nkonusunda anahtar role sahip bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm) t\u00fcm\nzamanlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck azalmas\u0131n\u0131\nya\u015f\u0131yor; bu, 2008 krizinden bile\ndaha\nk\u00f6t\u00fc.[79]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\nekonomisinin yava\u015flamas\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda k\u00fcresel ekonomiye darbe\nvuran Covid-19, k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte borsa \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015flerini tetikledi.\nMart\nay\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131na kadar Amerika ve Avrupa piyasalar\u0131 tarihlerindeki\nen b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fleri ya\u015fad\u0131.\nEnerji\nsekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki fiyat sava\u015f\u0131, borsa sars\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 daha da\n\u015fiddetlendirdi. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz\n\u00fc\u00e7 sene boyunca Suudi Arabistan ve Rusya gibi petrol \u00fcreticisi\n\u00fclkeler, \u00fcretimi s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rarak petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n nispeten\ny\u00fcksek tutulmas\u0131 konusunda i\u015fbirli\u011fi yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u00c7in\nsanayisinin yava\u015flamas\u0131yla birlikte Suudi veliaht prensi Muhammed\nbin Salman (MBS diye an\u0131l\u0131r), Putin\u2019i \u00fcretimi s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmas\u0131\ni\u00e7in ikna yollar\u0131 aramaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Putin\nise y\u00fcksek petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n Amerikan kaya petrol\u00fc \u00fcretimine\n(y\u00fcksek fiyatlar bu end\u00fcstri i\u00e7in ya\u015famsal nitelikte) destek\nsa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Kaya petrol\u00fc \u00fcretimi, Amerika\u2019y\u0131\nhem Rusya\u2019n\u0131n hem de Suudi Arabistan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7irerek\nd\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol \u00fcreticisi konumuna getirebilir. Dahas\u0131,\nABD\u2019nin Rus devlet enerji \u015firketi Rosneft\u2019e yapt\u0131r\u0131m\nuygulamas\u0131 Putin\u2019i sinirlendirmi\u015fti. Rusya\nfiyatlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesine izi verdi ve Suudi Arabistan\u2019la ittifak\u0131n\u0131\nsonland\u0131rd\u0131. Buna\nkar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k MBS de piyasay\u0131 petrole bo\u011fdu ve fiyat sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131\nba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f oldu.[80]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni\nbir ekonomik durgunluk d\u00f6nemi ufukta g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc; merkez bankalar\u0131\nkesinlikle b\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor. 3 Mart\u2019ta Amerikan merkez bankas\u0131\nFED, acil bir toplant\u0131 yapt\u0131 ve faiz oran\u0131n\u0131 %0,5 oran\u0131nda\nazaltt\u0131; bu, 2008-9 krizinden beri ilk defa oluyor. Ayr\u0131ca\nfinansal piyasalara (\u00f6zellikle \u015firketlerin bono ve benzeri\nteminatlar kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131sa vadeli fon ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131\nkar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131klar\u0131 \u201crepo\u201d piyasalar\u0131na) para pompalama s\u00f6z\u00fc\nverdi. Bir\nhafta sonra \u0130ngiltere merkez bankas\u0131 faiz oran\u0131n\u0131 azaltarak FED\u2019i\nizledi. Politika\nfaizi zaten negatifte olan Avrupa Merkez Bankas\u0131 ECB, yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\ni\u00e7in daha s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir heyecan dalgas\u0131 yaratt\u0131; y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte\nolan parasal geni\u015fleme program\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti. Sonra\n15 Mart\u2019ta FED, yeni bir duyuruyla faiz\noran\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131ra yak\u0131n bir d\u00fczeye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc, tahvil al\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131\nart\u0131rd\u0131 ve di\u011fer merkez bankalar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fck\ndolar\narz\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yeni \u201cswap mekanizmalar\u0131\u201d \u00f6nerdi. Repo\npiyasalar\u0131na odaklanma ve k\u00fcresel finansal sistemini\nya\u011flamak i\u00e7in dolar arz\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rma, 2007\u2019deki gibi bir\nlikidite krizinin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 korkusunu ve\non\ny\u0131l \u00f6nce al\u0131nan acil\ntedbirlerin\ng\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\nyank\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131yor.[81]<\/a>\nBa\u015fka\nbir ifadeyle ekonominin \u00fcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6neticileri bunun 2008-9\nkriziyle boy \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u015febilir bir kriz olabilece\u011fine inan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buna\nra\u011fmen her ne kadar Covid-19, k\u00fcresel durgunlu\u011fu tetikleyebilirse\nde esas nedeni\nde\u011fildir. D\u00fcnya\nsistemi Covid-19\u2019dan \u00f6nce zaten fazlas\u0131yla hastayd\u0131.[82]<\/a>\nBunun\nk\u00f6kenleri uzun bir d\u00f6nem boyunca g\u00f6zlenen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karl\u0131l\u0131k\noranlar\u0131 ve ekonomiyi 2008-9 durgunlu\u011fundan \u00e7\u0131karma y\u00f6ntemlerinde\nyat\u0131yor. 2018\u2019de\nyazd\u0131\u011f\u0131m gibi: \u201c2008-9\ndurgunlu\u011fu uzun zamand\u0131r d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seyreden karl\u0131l\u0131k,\nfinansalla\u015fman\u0131n i\u015flevsiz <\/em>bi\u00e7imleri\nve devletlerin eylemlerinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131, <\/em>sistemin\nuzun zamand\u0131r ertelenen bir kriziydi. <\/em>1930\u2019lar\nd\u00fczeyinde bir \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f<\/em>e<\/em>\nizin verilmemesi uzun d\u00f6nem<\/em>e\nyay\u0131lan <\/em>bir\nbunal\u0131m olarak bize geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc; g\u00f6reli <\/em>olarak<\/em>\nk\u0131r\u0131lgan ve belirsiz b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin uzatmal\u0131 d\u00f6nemi<\/em>\u201d.[83]<\/a>\nKrizin\nerken d\u00f6nemlerinde egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nan tedbirler \u2013\nte\u015fvik paketleri, faiz indirimleri ve parasal geni\u015fleme \u2013 \u015fu\nanlama gelmekteydi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizm, belirgin bir \u015fekilde finansalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir ya\u015fam destek \u00fcnitesine ba\u011fland\u0131… G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte al\u0131nan tedbirlerin hedefi \u015firketlere kredi ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanarak \u00fcretimin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131. Fakat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karl\u0131l\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131nda bu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi. H\u0131zl\u0131 sermaye birikimi ancak yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar \u00fcretimin karl\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131na inand\u0131klar\u0131 zaman ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Ama bunun yerine para, bankac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan elde tutuldu veya y\u00fcksek getirili ama riskli finansal yat\u0131r\u0131mlara do\u011fru akt\u0131… Buzda\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki krizin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc erteledi\u011fi gibi ayn\u0131 zamanda finansalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f banka kurtarma operasyonunu spek\u00fclasyona bo\u011fdu; bu arada zenginlerin varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferini art\u0131rd\u0131.[84]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Financial\nTimes\u2019ta yer alan \u201cBir\nSonraki Bor\u00e7 Krizinin Tohumlar\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda John\nPlender 2019\u2019un \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00e7eyre\u011finde k\u00fcresel\nbor\u00e7 sto\u011funun rekor k\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetti; toplam 253 trilyon\n$\u2019a ula\u015fan k\u00fcresel bor\u00e7, k\u00fcresel GSY\u0130H\u2019\u0131n %322\u2019si\nd\u00fczeyinde. Bu\nborcun \u00e7o\u011fu, finans d\u0131\u015f\u0131\n\u015firketlerin kendi aralar\u0131ndaki bor\u00e7. Verili bozuk durum dikkate\nal\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu \u015firketler kendi bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demekte\nzorlanabilirler.[85]<\/a>\nBa\u015fka\nbir deyi\u015fle 2008-9\u2019da ba\u015flayan cans\u0131z ve istikrars\u0131z b\u00fcy\u00fcme\nd\u00f6neminin sonlar\u0131na gelmi\u015f olabiliriz. Financial\nTimes\u2019ta \u00e7\u0131kan ba\u015fka bir yaz\u0131da de\u011finildi\u011fi gibi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eirketler on y\u0131ld\u0131r t\u0131ka basa bor\u00e7la beslendi… 2008 finansal krizini takiben ekonomilerini sarsarak kendine getirmek isteyen merkez bankalar\u0131n\u0131n faiz oranlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmelerinin ard\u0131ndan bor\u00e7lanma maliyetleri tepe taklak oldu. Daha g\u00fcvenli olan h\u00fck\u00fcmet tahvillerinin getirisinin a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eken yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar, riskli \u015firketlere bor\u00e7 vermeyi ab-\u0131 hayat olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. Morgan Stanley Yat\u0131r\u0131m Y\u00f6netimi ba\u015f k\u00fcresel stratejisti Ruchir Sharma, Amerikan \u015firketlerinin alt\u0131da birinin faiz \u00f6demelerine yetecek kadar bile nakit ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tahmin ediyor. Bor\u00e7 piyasalar\u0131 b\u00f6ylesi \u201czombi\u201d bor\u00e7lular\u0131 yeniden finanse etti\u011fi m\u00fcddet\u00e7e bunlar iflas\u0131 ertelemeye devam edebildiler. Fakat \u015fimdi bunun faturas\u0131 belirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.[86]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdiye\nkadarki ya\u015fananlardan \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekte bir \u201ckars\u0131z\nfirma temizli\u011fi\u201d ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi m\u00fcddet\u00e7e kar oranlar\u0131n\u0131n\nd\u00fczelmesi pek muhtemel de\u011fil. Bu\nba\u011flamda faiz oranlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131f\u0131ra yak\u0131n veya negatif\noldu\u011fu\nve merkez bankalar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00e7elerinin \u00f6nceki varl\u0131k al\u0131m\ntutarlar\u0131yla dolu oldu\u011fu ko\u015fullarda para politikas\u0131n\u0131n etkinli\u011fi\ns\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Plender\u2019\u0131n\niddia\netti\u011fi gibi\n\u201c\u00e7ok\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve negatif faizlerin ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu bir d\u00fcnyada bir kredi\n\u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/em>\u201d\nile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalabiliriz. Hala\nmerkez bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hareket alan\u0131 olsa da Plender bunun\n\u201ck\u00fcresel\nekonominin \u015fu an kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya bulundu\u011fu bor\u00e7 tehdidini\nazd\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 gibi ayn\u0131 zamanda as\u0131l finansal krizle elele giden\ni\u015flevsiz para politikas\u0131 y\u00f6ntemine g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131rma<\/em>\u201d[87]<\/a>\nriskini ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Politikalara\ny\u00f6n verenlerin ve yorumcular\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu \u015fu an maliye politikas\u0131na\nd\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc savunuyor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir\nkrizi bertaraf etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan geleneksel ara\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu\nkullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumda ve cephane azal\u0131yor. Yine\nde Michael Roberts\u2019\u0131n i\u015faret etti\u011fi gibi basit\u00e7e\nkamu harcamalar\u0131yla birlikte a\u00e7\u0131k b\u00fct\u00e7e politikas\u0131\nizlemenin zaten\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan ve d\u00fc\u015fmeye devam eden kar oranlar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusuyken\nekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi sa\u011flayabilme ihtimali\nazd\u0131r;\nK\u00fcresel\nG\u00fcney\u2019in zay\u0131f ekonomileri i\u00e7in ise\nbu\nolas\u0131l\u0131k s\u0131f\u0131rd\u0131r.[88]<\/a>\nBu\ndurumun sonucu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bunal\u0131m olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cR<\/strong>ehavet\nmi\notoriterlik mi\u201d\nk\u0131skac\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pandemiye\nkar\u015f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin tepkileri farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steriyor. Esasen\nbu\ndurum epidemiyolojik [salg\u0131n bilimi] veya virolojik [vir\u00fcs bilimi]\nbir anla\u015fmazl\u0131ktan kaynaklanm\u0131yor (ger\u00e7i\nbu yaz\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada Covid-19 hakk\u0131ndaki\nbilgilerimizin azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 pek \u00e7ok bilinmeyeni de\nberaberinde\ngetiriyor).\nTepkilerin\nfarkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 \u00e7ok daha temelde; \u00e7eli\u015fkilerle dolu bir d\u00fcnyaya\nentegre olmu\u015f kapitalist devletlerin\ns\u0131n\u0131f\nayr\u0131m\u0131na\ndayal\u0131\nolmas\u0131n\u0131\nyans\u0131t\u0131yor. Sistemin\nefendilerinin ilk tipik tepkisi, rehavet\nbi\u00e7iminde kendisini g\u00f6steren,\ninsanlar\u0131 hayatlar\u0131 pahas\u0131na \u00fcretimin ve sermaye ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n\ndevam etmesine\nhizmet\netmeye zorlamakt\u0131.\nAncak pandeminin\ngelecekteki\nkar yapma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit etti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca\n\u00e7arna\u00e7ar tepeden inme \u00f6nlemlere sar\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019de\nuygulanan karantina en y\u00fcksek noktas\u0131nda 760 milyon insan\u0131\nkapsad\u0131.[89]<\/a>\nB\u00fcy\u00fck\ni\u015fyerleri kapat\u0131ld\u0131 ve hareketlilik s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Sonu\u00e7\nolarak \u00c7in, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 yava\u015flatm\u0131\u015f gibi\ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor; yine de insanlar\u0131n kafas\u0131nda resmi yetkililer\nhakk\u0131ndaki soru i\u015faretleri ve kontrollerin hafifletilmesinden sonra\nvir\u00fcs\u00fcn tekrar kendini g\u00f6sterip g\u00f6stermeyece\u011fi sorusu as\u0131l\u0131\nkalmaya devam\nediyor. Bunun\nbir nedeni h\u00fck\u00fcmetin, i\u015fyerlerini h\u0131zla yeniden a\u00e7mak istemesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ek\nolarak, \u00c7in\u2019in \u00f6vg\u00fclere bo\u011fulmas\u0131 hususunda sol, \u00fc\u00e7 nedenden\n\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc dikkatli olmal\u0131. \u00d6ncelikle, bazen\notoriter devlet makinas\u0131, liberal demokrasilerin yapamayaca\u011f\u0131\n\u015feyleri becerebilir. Yine\nde bu, diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\ndemokrasiden daha \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011fu (bu, \u201cMussolini trenlerin\nzaman\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u201d arg\u00fcman\u0131na benziyor[90]<\/a>)\nanlam\u0131na gelmez.\nOn binlerce insan\u0131n stadyumlarda e\u011freti ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda\nizolasyona zorlanmas\u0131, kitlelerin\nonline ve sokak kameralar\u0131yla izlenmesi sosyalistler i\u00e7in bir model\nveya ger\u00e7ekten\nkamu\nsa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruman\u0131n\netkin\nbir\ny\u00f6ntemi olamaz.[91]<\/a>\n\u201cA\u015f\u0131r\u0131,\nsert uygulamalar\u201ddan olu\u015fan \u00c7in\u2019deki tedbirler, Cezayir\nveya Filistin\u2019deki isyanlar s\u0131ras\u0131nda uygulananlar ile ayn\u0131; tek\nfark\u0131 \u00c7indekiler\u2019in d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n\nikamet etti\u011fi \u201cmega kentler\u201d \u00fczerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi.[92]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kincisi,\ny\u00fczeysel olarak\nbak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda etkili\nmerkezi\nbask\u0131,\n\u00c7in devletinin ger\u00e7ekte oldu\u011fundan daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve tutarl\u0131\noldu\u011fu\nsan\u0131s\u0131n\u0131\nuyand\u0131r\u0131yor.\nBu\nkonuda\nyine Chuang\u2019ta yazan\nisimsiz yazar, en iyi yorumu yap\u0131yor.\nMerkezi\ndevlet ayg\u0131t\u0131, \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 nihayet Wuhan\u2019a yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131\nesnada \u00fclkenin genelinde \u201cyerel\nyetkililere ve halka <\/em>harekete\nge\u00e7meleri i\u00e7in \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 yapmak ile bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lara cevap\nvermeyenleri sonradan bir dizi cezaya tabi k\u0131lmak<\/em>\u201dtan[93]<\/a>\nm\u00fcrekkep bir politikaya bel ba\u011flad\u0131. Hubei\nd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lara uyma, birbirinden olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 bir\nd\u00fczeyde geli\u015fti. Bunun\nsonucunda baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde keyfi zorlamalara ba\u015fvuruldu; \u00f6rne\u011fin\nZhejiang\u2019a\nba\u011fl\u0131 d\u00f6rt \u015fehre giri\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 kontrol etmek i\u00e7in 30\nmilyon \u201cyerel pasaport\u201d \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131, \u201cher\nhaneden bir ki\u015finin iki g\u00fcnde bir d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na izin\nverildi<\/em>\u201d.[94]<\/a>\n\u00c7in\u2019de\nbulunan gazeteciler New York Times\u2019a \u015fu bilgileri ge\u00e7ti:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mao stili kitlesel kampanyalar\u0131 and\u0131ran, tabandan y\u00fckselen bir hareketlenme uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r \u00c7in\u2019de g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fcyor; esasen \u00f6n cephede yer alan salg\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleme tedbirleri kom\u015fular\u0131n birbirlerini g\u00f6zetlemesi \u00fczerine kurulu… \u00c7in\u2019in elinde y\u00fcksek teknolojik g\u00f6zetleme ayg\u0131tlar\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen temelde kontroller y\u00fcz binlerce i\u015f\u00e7i ve g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcye dayan\u0131yor; onlar vatanda\u015flar\u0131n ate\u015fini \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcyor, hareketlerini kaydediyor, karantinadakilere g\u00f6zc\u00fcl\u00fck yap\u0131yor ve en \u00f6nemlisi vir\u00fcs ta\u015f\u0131ma ihtimali olan yabanc\u0131lar\u0131 uzak tutuyorlar.[95]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019in\nuygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 politikan\u0131n yamal\u0131 boh\u00e7ay\u0131 and\u0131rmas\u0131 yerel ve\nb\u00f6lgesel liderlerin i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 rekabet ortam\u0131n\u0131\nyans\u0131t\u0131yor. \u00c7inli\nbir profes\u00f6re g\u00f6re: \u201cSalg\u0131n\nresmi olarak ilan edildikten sonra merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmet, yerel\ny\u00f6neticiler \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bask\u0131 kurdu. Bu, eyaletler\naras\u0131nda rekabeti tetikledi ve yerel y\u00f6neticiler muhafazakarl\u0131\u011fa\ns\u0131rtlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fcp radikalle\u015ftiler<\/em>\u201d.[96]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc\nolarak [\u00c7in\u2019i\n\u00f6vmek] \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin kusurlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmek olur. SARS\nve H5N1 \u00f6rneklerinin de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi son y\u0131llarda salg\u0131n\nolaylar\u0131 d\u00fczenli olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor; buna ra\u011fmen ba\u015flarda\n\u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti salg\u0131na\nkar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7medi. Aral\u0131k\n2019\u2019un ba\u015flar\u0131nda ilk hastal\u0131k belirtileri g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde\ndevletin buna cevab\u0131, salg\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rtbas etmeye \u00e7abalamak oldu;\nhastal\u0131k \u015f\u00fcphesi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen t\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131\nsusturuldu. Bunun en \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00f6rne\u011fi Covid-19 nedeniyle \u00f6len g\u00f6z\ndoktoru Li Wenliang\u2019d\u0131r; onun \u00f6l\u00fcm haberi kitlesel \u00f6fkeyi\ntetikledi.[97]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019in\nd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n kaleme al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada Covid-19\nvakalar\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin en s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fclke\n\u0130talya\u2019d\u0131r. \u0130lk\nvaka tespit edilmeden \u00f6nce vir\u00fcs, kendini belli etmeden \u00fclkede\ndola\u015fm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. \u0130talya,\nya\u015fl\u0131 n\u00fcfusunun di\u011fer yerlere g\u00f6re daha fazla olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131\n\u00f6zellikle zay\u0131f durumda. Y\u0131llard\u0131r\nuygulanan kemer s\u0131kma politikalar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden zay\u0131flayan sa\u011fl\u0131k\nsistemi \u015fimdi kapasitesini a\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir\nhalde\nve yo\u011fun bak\u0131m uzmanlar\u0131 \u015fu anda hangi hastaya hizmet\nvereceklerine\nkarar vermek\nzorunda olduklar\u0131\nbir\nnoktaya itildiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmet\nnihayet\ns\u00fcpermarket ve eczaneler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki d\u00fckkanlar\u0131, okullar\u0131,\n\u00fcniversiteleri, bar ve restoranlar\u0131 kapatt\u0131; ama bankalar ve di\u011fer\ni\u015fyerleri hala\na\u00e7\u0131k.\nPek\n\u00e7ok \u00fclkede de benzer uygulamalar kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor; \u00fcretim\nara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n\nba\u015f\u0131nda\ndurma d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda\ni\u015f\u00e7ilerin toplanmas\u0131 yasakland\u0131.\nGer\u00e7ekten\nde \u0130talyan patronlar\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck lobi kurumu Confindustria,\nh\u00fck\u00fcmete \u201cdengeli bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u201d bulmas\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda\nbulundu; i\u015fyerlerinin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 \u201cka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz\nolarak i\u015f \u00e7evrimlerine ve istihdama darbe<\/em>\u201d[98]<\/a>\nindirebilir. Bu\n\u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ya farkl\u0131 ak\u0131mlara mensup politikac\u0131lar cevap verdi. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131\nsa\u011fc\u0131 Lega \u00fcyesi Lombardy valisi salg\u0131n\u0131n \u201cnormal\ngribin birazc\u0131k daha fazlas\u0131<\/em>\u201d\noldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrerken Milan\u2019\u0131n\nmerkez sol tandansl\u0131 belediye ba\u015fkan\u0131 \u201cMilan\ndurmayacak<\/em>\u201d\nkampanyas\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131.[99]<\/a>\nBa\u015fka\nbir tepki ise Mart\u2019\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n kollar\u0131\ns\u0131vad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren, kendili\u011finden geli\u015fen bir grev dalgas\u0131\noldu. Grev;\nTermoli\u2019de ve Napoli\u2019nin yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Fiat fabrikalar\u0131nda,\nFloransa\u2019daki araba par\u00e7alar\u0131 \u00fcreten fabrikalarda, Venedik\u2019teki\ntersanelerde ve Cenova liman\u0131nda geli\u015fti. \u00c7elikhanelerde\nve giyim fabrikalar\u0131nda da i\u015f b\u0131rakma eylemleri d\u00fczenlendi.[100]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\nilerleyi\u015fi Mart\u2019\u0131n\nortas\u0131na do\u011fru \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Avrupa \u00e7ap\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclecek salg\u0131n\ndalgas\u0131n\u0131n habercisi\noldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi. 16\nMart\u2019a kadar 36 Avrupa \u00fclkesi okullar\u0131 tamamen veya k\u0131smen\nkapatt\u0131, \u00fclke i\u00e7i seyahat k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n\u0131 devreye soktu\n(baz\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 da kapatt\u0131), \u00e7o\u011funlukla kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k\netkinlikler ve spor kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131 iptal\nedildi; baz\u0131lar\u0131\nd\u00fckkanlar\u0131, kafeleri, sinemalar\u0131 ve tiyatrolar\u0131 kapatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu s\u0131rada k\u00fcresel kapitalizmin kalbinde Donald Trump\u2019\u0131n Covid-19 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki ilk tepkisi, kendisinin azledilmesi soru\u015fturmas\u0131na benzeyen, Demokratik Parti\u2019nin bir \u201chile\u201dsi olarak bunu k\u0131namak oldu. Onun m\u00fcttefiki, Ulusal Ekonomi Konseyi ba\u015fkan\u0131 Larry Kudlow, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn \u201ck\u0131smen kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dn\u0131 belirtirken ve insanlara \u201ci\u015fe devam etmeleri\u201d \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulundu.[101]<\/a> Ama en sonunda Trump ulusal acil durum ilan etmek zorunda kald\u0131; bir te\u015fvik paketini devreye soktu ve federal kurumlar\u0131n fonlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131. Bunlar\u0131 \u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 \u00f6fke patlamalar\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131r kapatmayla birle\u015ftirdi. Bu tehdidin salg\u0131n olarak ilan edilmesinin geciktirilmesi \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6re dayanan Amerikan sa\u011fl\u0131k sisteminin problemlerini azd\u0131rd\u0131. En zengin \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda en az Covid-19 testi yap\u0131lan \u00fclke olan ABD\u2019de yo\u011fun bak\u0131m yataklar\u0131 son derece az ve \u015fu an bo\u015f olanlar daha da az. Sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerine eri\u015fimde mali engeller olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek. Tedavi sonras\u0131, zorunlu karantina dahil her t\u00fcrl\u00fc tedavinin, tedavi g\u00f6renlere faturaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 vakalar mevcut.[102]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir\nde Britanya vakas\u0131\nvar. T\u0131pk\u0131\nTrump gibi ba\u015fbakan Boris Johnson\u2019\u0131n y\u0131l\u0131n ilk haftalar\u0131nda\nb\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 izlenim rehavet pompal\u0131yordu.\n\u0130nsanlara\nyap\u0131lan ilk \u00f6neri olan ellerin\ny\u0131kan\u0131rken \u201c\u0130yi ki Do\u011fdun\u201d \u015fark\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n (Jacob Rees-Mogg\u2019un\n\u00f6nerisi milli mar\u015ft\u0131) s\u00f6ylenmesi \u00f6nerisi bir kenara Britanya,\nvir\u00fcs\u00fcn\nyay\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na almaya d\u00f6n\u00fck tedbirleri devreye\nsokmakta di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin gerisinde kald\u0131. Kuzey\nBat\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin eski bir b\u00f6lgesel genel sa\u011fl\u0131k y\u00f6neticisi\nolan John Ashton, krize \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmak i\u00e7in toplanan h\u00fck\u00fcmetin\nacil durum Kobra komitesinde gecikmeyi k\u0131nad\u0131. \u201cBizimkiler,\n<\/em>be\u015f<\/em>\ng\u00fcn <\/em>s\u00fcren<\/em>\nkriket oy<\/em>unu<\/em>na\n<\/em>kendini\nkapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f,<\/em>\n19. <\/em>yy.\u0131n\n<\/em>s\u00f6m\u00fcrg<\/em>e<\/em>c<\/em>i<\/em>leri\ngibi <\/em>davran\u0131yor<\/em>\u201d\ndedi\nve\nsa\u011fl\u0131k\nhizmetlerinde on y\u0131ld\u0131r s\u00fcren kesintileri yerden yere vurdu.[103]<\/a>\n11\nMart\u2019ta h\u00fck\u00fcmetin b\u00fct\u00e7e harcamalar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan 76 milyar\npound\u2019luk art\u0131\u015f\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik yava\u015flamay\u0131\nhafifletmeye d\u00f6n\u00fck oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda New York Times\u2019\u0131n\natt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131k \u201cBirle\u015fik Krall\u0131k Ekonomisini Vir\u00fcsten\nKoruyor, Ama \u0130nsanlar\u0131n\u0131 De\u011fil\u201d idi. Yaz\u0131da\n\u015funlar dile getiriliyordu: \u201c\u00fclkenin\nekonomiyi kurtarma plan\u0131ndaki keskinlik… salg\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 <\/em>al\u0131nan\n<\/em>kamusal\nsa\u011fl\u0131k tedbirleri ile ciddi bir kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k sergiliyor<\/em>\u201d.[104]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ertesi g\u00fcn Johnson, Britanya\u2019n\u0131n krizin \u201cfrenlenmesi\u201d a\u015famas\u0131ndan krizi \u201cgeciktirme\u201d a\u015famas\u0131na ge\u00e7ti\u011fini ilan etti; hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n n\u00fcfus i\u00e7inde yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yava\u015flatma pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Fakat insanlar\u0131n endi\u015fesini art\u0131racak denli duygusuz bir konu\u015fma yapt\u0131. O konu\u015fman\u0131n hat\u0131ralarda kalacak s\u00f6zleri: \u201cBritanya halk\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k s\u00f6zl\u00fc olmal\u0131y\u0131m: Pek \u00e7ok aile sevdiklerini zaman\u0131ndan \u00f6nce kaybedecek<\/em>\u201d.[105]<\/a> H\u00fck\u00fcmetin ba\u015f bilimsel dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 Sir Patrick Vallance, Sky News kanal\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan ve \u00e7ok konu\u015fulan r\u00f6portaj\u0131nda n\u00fcfusun %60\u2019\u0131n\u0131n Covid-19\u2019a yakalanmas\u0131 suretiyle \u201cs\u00fcr\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dna ula\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fini iddia etti. Lancet\u2019in [hakemli t\u0131p dergisi \u2013 \u00e7n] edit\u00f6r\u00fc Richard Horton\u2019\u0131n hakl\u0131 olarak k\u0131nad\u0131\u011f\u0131[106]<\/a> bu fikri ba\u015fka yorumcular da dillendirdi. Bir dizi yazar, bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n sonucunun yar\u0131m milyon insan\u0131n \u00f6lmesi olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti. Egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n baz\u0131 kesimleri i\u00e7in bu \u00f6l\u00fcmler \u00e7ok bir \u015fey ifade etmiyor. Daily Telegraph\u2019ta yazan Jeremy Warner \u201ctamamen tarafs\u0131z bir iktisadi perspektifle Covid-19, yard\u0131ma muhta\u00e7 ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131 itlaf ederek uzun vadede yararl\u0131 olabilir<\/em>\u201d diye yazd\u0131.[107]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fakat\n16 Mart\u2019ta Johnson\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm \u201czaruri olmayan temas\u201dtan\nka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmas\u0131 tavsiyesiyle birlikte karantinaya do\u011fru ani bir\nd\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi; toplumun\ngenelinden publar, kul\u00fcpler, restoranlar ve tiyatrolardan uzak\ndurmalar\u0131 ve hastal\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda en zay\u0131f olanlardan\nkendilerini 12 hafta boyunca izole etmeleri \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda\nbulundu.[108]<\/a>\nHareketin\ny\u00f6n\u00fc \u00e7ok daha sert tedbirlerin al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.\nYapt\u0131klar\u0131\nara\u015ft\u0131rma, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin fikirlerinin de\u011fi\u015fmesini sa\u011flayan\nImperial College\u2019da g\u00f6revli akademisyenlere g\u00f6re bu\n\u00e7a\u011fr\u0131, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\nyaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkiyi s\u0131n\u0131rlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken onun toplumda\nyay\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verme anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cyava\u015flatma\u201ddan\nh\u00fck\u00fcmetin vir\u00fcs\u00fcn yay\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tersine \u00e7evirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131\n\u201cengelleme\u201dye\nge\u00e7i\u015fe i\u015faret ediyor.[109]<\/a>\n\u0130kinci\ny\u00f6ntemin zay\u0131f noktas\u0131 e\u011fer tedbirlerde bir gev\u015feme s\u00f6z konusu\nolursa vir\u00fcs\u00fcn yay\u0131lmaya devam edebilecek olmas\u0131; bu,\n18 ay veya daha fazla s\u00fcreyi\nkapsayan bir\nk\u0131s\u0131tlama\ngerektirebilir. Bu, ekonomi \u00fczerinde y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkiler do\u011furabilir.\n330\nmilyar pound\u2019luk bir kredi garantisi tan\u0131nmas\u0131\nve sermayenin desteklenmesine d\u00f6n\u00fck di\u011fer tedbirler, Johnson\u2019\u0131n\nbu politika de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine i\u015ftirak etti; ama\n\u00f6yle\ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor ki e\u011fer\nh\u00fck\u00fcmet, salg\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rma konusunda ciddi ise devletin ekonomiye\nm\u00fcdahalelerini\nartmak zorunda kalacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\nDo\u011fu Asya, Kuzey Amerika ve Avrupa boyunca yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n izini\ns\u00fcrmek nispeten kolay; ancak\nCovid-19\u2019un\nK\u00fcresel G\u00fcney\u2019de yarataca\u011f\u0131 tahribat korkutucu derecede\nbelirsiz. Sahra\nAlt\u0131 Afrika\u2019da ka\u00e7 tane vakan\u0131n oldu\u011funu bilmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil,\nzira bu b\u00f6lgede uygun test s\u00fcrecini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilecek sadece\niki laboratuvar var ve ayr\u0131ca b\u00f6lgedeki sa\u011fl\u0131k sistemleri\ny\u0131llard\u0131r\nyap\u0131sal uyum politikalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kemiriliyor.[110]<\/a>\nAfrika\nn\u00fcfusunun g\u00f6reli olarak gen\u00e7 olmas\u0131, daha s\u0131cak bir iklime sahip\nolmas\u0131 veya pandemilere\nal\u0131\u015fk\u0131n olan sa\u011fl\u0131k\npersonelinin Covid-19\u2019la\nm\u00fccadelede etkin olaca\u011f\u0131 gibi\numutlu\nbeklentilerin\nyaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131\niyimserlik b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle kof \u00e7\u0131kacak.[111]<\/a>\nPandemi\nk\u0131taya ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda HIV ve Ebola y\u00fcz\u00fcnden zaten zay\u0131f d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f\nhalklar \u00fczerinde y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir etki do\u011furacak ve insanlar\u0131\nyetersiz sa\u011fl\u0131k ekipmanlar\u0131n\u0131n ellerine teslim edecek. 2015\nrakamlar\u0131na g\u00f6re 50 milyon n\u00fcfusa sahip Kenya\u2019da yo\u011fun bak\u0131m\nyata\u011f\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131\nsadece 130.[112]<\/a>\nPandeminin\ndi\u011fer bir \u00f6nemli merkezi haline gelen \u0130ran\u2019da ya\u015fananlar, bizi\nnelerin bekledi\u011fi konusunda ufak bir giri\u015f niteli\u011finde. \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n\nki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na sa\u011fl\u0131k harcamalar\u0131 Kenya\u2019n\u0131n neredeyse yedi\nkat\u0131, ama hastal\u0131k, sa\u011fl\u0131k sistemini \u00e7oktan\n\u00e7\u00f6kertmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve\ng\u00f6r\u00fcnen o ki vir\u00fcs,\nkontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131ncaya kadar \u00fclkede\nbir m\u00fcddet daha yay\u0131lmaya devam edecek.[113]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyalist\nyan\u0131t<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\nKrize\nkar\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretilecek sosyalist yan\u0131t, epidemiyolojinin ortak\nkabullerini i\u00e7ermeli. Vir\u00fcs, salg\u0131n\u0131n kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131na\nd\u00f6n\u00fck \u00f6nc\u00fcl \u00e7abalar\u0131 bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kartacak kadar yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda\n\u00f6nceli\u011fi ya yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 yava\u015flatmaya ya da tersine \u00e7evirmeye\nvermeliyiz. Epidemiyolojistlerin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ctemel bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k\nkatsay\u0131s\u0131\u201d (R0<\/sub>), kimsenin ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\nolmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ortamda vir\u00fcs\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yan ki\u015finin bunu ka\u00e7 ki\u015fiye\nbula\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. E\u011fer R0 <\/sub>de\u011feri 1\u2019den\nk\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckse, hastal\u0131k gitgide yok olur; e\u011fer 1\u2019den b\u00fcy\u00fckse\nhastal\u0131k (en az\u0131ndan ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta) yay\u0131lma e\u011filiminde olur.\nCovid-19\u2019a neden olan vir\u00fcs\u00fcn R0 <\/sub>de\u011feri 2,0-2,5\naras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R0 <\/sub>de\u011ferinin iki y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc anlamak \u00f6nemlidir. Birincisi, kimsenin ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131l\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n kaleme al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 esnada Covid-19 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan iyile\u015fenlerin ne d\u00fczeyde ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k geli\u015ftirdikleri ve e\u011fer ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015flarsa bunun kal\u0131c\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belli de\u011fildi.[114]<\/a> \u0130kincisi ise R0<\/sub> tamamen biyolojik bir mefhum de\u011fildir; bu, \u201cinsan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ve patojenlerin biyolojik \u00f6zelliklerinin fonksiyonuna dayanan bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k tahminidir<\/em>\u201d.[115]<\/a> Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn do\u011fas\u0131 kadar halk\u0131n vir\u00fcs\u00fcn yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi tepki ve hareketlerine de ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Yukar\u0131da de\u011finildi\u011fi gibi Britanya h\u00fck\u00fcmet politikas\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fiklik, en az\u0131ndan k\u0131smen Ferguson ve onun Imperial College\u2019daki arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 neticesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, yava\u015flatma politikas\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131m milyondan fazla Britanyal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6lmesine yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc; tabii \u00f6l\u00fcmlerden \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek olan sa\u011fl\u0131k sisteminin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn yarataca\u011f\u0131 ek sonu\u00e7lar da hesaba kat\u0131l\u0131yordu.[116]<\/a> Salg\u0131n\u0131n engellenmesi i\u00e7in bast\u0131rmaya devam ettiler; her ne kadar bunun b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklere yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtseler bile: \u201cKamusal sa\u011fl\u0131k ad\u0131na toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131 aksatabilecek bu kadar uzun s\u00fcreli bir m\u00fcdahale giri\u015fimi daha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7 denenmedi. Ka\u00e7 toplum ve n\u00fcfusun ne kadar\u0131 buna uyacak, bilinmiyor<\/em>\u201d.[117]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nEngelleme\npolitikas\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olsa da olmasa da vir\u00fcs\u00fcn R0<\/sub>\nde\u011ferini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmenin elzem olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenleri var. \u00d6ncelikle\nbu, salg\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ihtimalle \u201ce\u011frisini d\u00fczle\u015ftirecek\u201d;\n\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki birka\u00e7 ay boyunca salg\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131yla ortaya\n\u00e7\u0131kacak ciddi vakalar neticesinde sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin\nkapasitesinin zorlanmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren e\u011frinin e\u011fimi azalacak.\n\u0130kinci olarak engelleme politikas\u0131, salg\u0131n\u0131n doruk noktas\u0131n\u0131n\nyaz aylar\u0131na do\u011fru ya\u015fanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilir; bu da onun\nmevsimlik gribin doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemle \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131\nengeller. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc her ne kadar en toz pembe senaryoda bile bir\na\u015f\u0131n\u0131n 2021\u2019den \u00f6nce \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmese de bize\npotansiyel bir a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in zaman kazand\u0131rabilir.[118]<\/a>\nBu y\u00fczden \u00f6nceli\u011fimiz, en savunmas\u0131zlar\u0131 korurken Covid-19\u2019un\nyay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 en aza indirmek olmal\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nDS\u00d6;\nyayg\u0131n Covid-19 testi uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131, semptom g\u00f6sterenlerin\ng\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc izolasyonunu, hastalarla temas edenlerin takip edilmesini\nve temas\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karantina alt\u0131na girmesini tavsiye\nediyor. Bunlar \u201csosyal mesafe\u201d – davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek\ninsanlarla araya 2 m koyulmas\u0131, el s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmaktan ve di\u011fer fiziksel\ntemaslardan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmas\u0131 vb. – ile desteklenmeli. Bu ayr\u0131ca\ninsanlar\u0131n birbirine yak\u0131n mesafede olacaklar\u0131 bir araya\ngeli\u015flerden de ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyor. Bu, Covid-19\u2019da\n\u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemli, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc baz\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar semptom g\u00f6stermese\nbile vir\u00fcs\u00fc yayabiliyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nSorun\nbunlar\u0131n kapitalist bir toplumsal yap\u0131 alt\u0131nda nas\u0131l en iyi\n\u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilece\u011fidir. Bunun cevab\u0131 rehavet veya\n\u015fimdiye kadar h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tepeden inme uygulamalara\nkar\u015f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fsal temelli alternatifler geli\u015ftirilmesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nS\u00fcper\nzenginler i\u00e7in kendini izole etmek mesele de\u011fil. Yanlar\u0131na \u00f6zel\ndoktorlar\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131p s\u0131\u011f\u0131naklar\u0131na veya \u00f6zel jetleriyle tatil\nmekanlar\u0131na ka\u00e7abilirler.[119]<\/a>\n\u00c7al\u0131\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7in i\u015fler daha zorlu. \u00c7o\u011fu kapitalist\ntoplumda insanlar\u0131n en \u00e7ok bir araya geldikleri noktalar\ni\u015fyerleridir. Britanya\u2019da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n %90\u2019\u0131, on veya daha\nfazla ki\u015finin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde istihdam edilmi\u015f durumda; bu\ni\u015fyerlerinin yar\u0131s\u0131nda 100 ve daha fazla ki\u015fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.[120]<\/a>\nBu y\u00fczden i\u015fyerlerini kapatmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeden sosyal mesafe\n\u00fczerine tart\u0131\u015fmak anlams\u0131zd\u0131r. Elbette baz\u0131 i\u015fyerlerinin\nfaaliyetlerinin devam\u0131 pandemiyle m\u00fccadelede elzemdir; en bariz\nolanlar\u0131 hastanelerdir, ama ayn\u0131 zamanda enerji ve g\u0131da sekt\u00f6rleri\nve \u00fcretimine en \u00e7ok ihtiya\u00e7 duyulanlardan birisi olan t\u0131bbi\nekipman \u00fcreticileri de hesaba kat\u0131lmal\u0131. \u0130\u015fyerleri temel ihtiya\u00e7\nmaddeleri \u00fcretime ge\u00e7meli veya kapanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Faaliyetine devam\neden i\u015fyerleri d\u00fczenli olarak temizlenmeli ve kamusal sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131\nkorumak i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7ilerin koruyucu ekipmanlarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131\nsa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca hastal\u0131\u011fa yakalanm\u0131\u015f i\u015f\u00e7ilerin\nkendilerini izole etmelerine izin verilmelidir. F\u0131rsat\u00e7\u0131lara g\u00f6z\na\u00e7t\u0131rmamak i\u00e7in fiyat kontrolleri devreye sokulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nB\u00fct\u00fcn\nbunlara ra\u011fmen etkin izolasyon uygulamalar\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n\ndevam\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ekonomik bask\u0131lar alt\u0131nda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.\nPandemi devam etti\u011fi m\u00fcddet\u00e7e insanlara gelir garantisi\nsa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Tedav\u00fcle giren son h\u00fck\u00fcmet b\u00fct\u00e7esinde\nCovid-19\u2019dan etkilenen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara yasal hastal\u0131k \u00f6dene\u011fi\nart\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, ama bu tutar \u015fu anda haftal\u0131k ortalama gelirin ancak\nbe\u015fte biri d\u00fczeyinde. Tek bir ay \u00fccret almasa evsiz kalacak\nsay\u0131s\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7i i\u00e7in bu kabul edilemez bir d\u00fczeydir. Dahas\u0131 pek\n\u00e7ok \u201cs\u00f6zde\u201d kendi kendinin patronu olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u2013 en \u00e7ok\ng\u00f6ze \u00e7arpanlar Uber \u015fof\u00f6rleri veya Deliveroo [bizdeki Yemek\nSepeti\u2019nin muadili \u2013 \u00e7.n.] kuryeleridir, ama bunun i\u00e7ine \u00e7ok\nsay\u0131da in\u015faat i\u015f\u00e7isi ve tamirci ve in\u015faat ustalar\u0131 da girer \u2013\nbu \u00f6denekten istifade edemiyor. Bunlar i\u015fsizlik \u00f6dene\u011fine mahkum\nediliyorlar; tabii e\u011fer buna ula\u015fmay\u0131 becerebilirlerse. Okullar\u0131n\nkapal\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle pek \u00e7ok insan bakmakla m\u00fckellef olduklar\u0131\ny\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7al\u0131\u015famaz hale gelir. Britanya h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin okullar\u0131\nkapatma konusunda pek \u00e7ok Avrupa \u00fclkesini geriden takip etmesinin\nana nedeni, h\u00fck\u00fcmet dan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131n okullar\u0131n d\u00f6rt hafta\nkapat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkenin GSYH\u2019\u0131n\u0131 %3 d\u00fczeyinde azaltaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\nbildirmi\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r.[121]<\/a>\nSol, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n bak\u0131m\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7al\u0131\u015famayan ebeveynlerin\ntam \u00fccretli izin haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nBu\nt\u00fcrl\u00fc taleplerin savunulmas\u0131 hayali \u201culusal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u201d ad\u0131na\nde\u011fil i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ad\u0131na\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmelidir. Bunlar ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye veya karl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa\nzarar verecek olsa bile savunulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar, kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\n\u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu taleplerin pe\u015fine kolektif\neylemlili\u011fimiz vas\u0131tas\u0131yla d\u00fc\u015fmeliyiz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n\nsa\u011fduyusu burada sakl\u0131d\u0131r. Londra\u2019daki posta i\u015f\u00e7ileri el\ntemizlik malzemeleri da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 talebiyle Mart\u2019\u0131n ortas\u0131nda\ni\u015f b\u0131rakt\u0131. Glasgow\u2019daki \u00e7\u00f6p\u00e7\u00fcler kendilerine ki\u015fisel\ndezenfektan veya s\u0131cak su sa\u011flanmamas\u0131n\u0131 protesto etmek i\u00e7in\noturma eylemi yapt\u0131. Londra\u2019da \u00f6zel bir hastanede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\ntemizlik i\u015f\u00e7ileri, \u00fccretlerinin \u00f6denmemesi \u00fczerine i\u015f b\u0131rakt\u0131.\nSendika \u00fcyelerinin en son yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 grevin bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki pek\n\u00e7ok \u00fcniversite online e\u011fitime ge\u00e7ti.[122]<\/a>\nKriz, s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesine verilecek bir moladan ziyade onun daha da\ny\u00fckseltilece\u011fi bir d\u00f6nem olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\u0130\u015fyerlerinin\nkapal\u0131 olmas\u0131 ve insanlar\u0131n ki\u015fisel izolasyona girmesiyle\nbirlikte toplumun en savunmas\u0131z bireyleriyle ilgilenme meselesi\nb\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Bu krizin en cesaret verici yanlar\u0131ndan birisi bu sorunun\n\u00fcstesinden gelmek ad\u0131na \u201ckar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yard\u0131m\u201d gruplar\u0131n\u0131n\n(bunlar \u00e7o\u011funlukla Facebook veya Whatsapp \u00fczerinden \u00f6rg\u00fctleniyor)\nolu\u015fmas\u0131 oldu. Benim i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fum yerel grup, kendisini\n\u015f\u00f6yle tan\u0131ml\u0131yor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kriz zamanlar\u0131nda birbirimize ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var… kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yard\u0131m herkes i\u00e7in \u2013 ama \u00f6zellikle en savunmas\u0131zlar\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in \u2013 gerekli. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n – \u00f6zellikle ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131n, engellilerin ve\/veya ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi sorunlu olanlar\u0131n – g\u0131da ve ilaca eri\u015fim, ev i\u015fleri vb konularda hepimizin yard\u0131m\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131 var. Aram\u0131zda hi\u00e7bir \u00f6nyarg\u0131n\u0131n yeri yok… bu s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 zamanlarda Leicester\u2019\u0131n uyum i\u00e7inde birlikte hareket etti\u011fini g\u00f6sterelim.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\nWallace\nbununla paralel \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor: \u201cHerkesin yeterli destek \u2013\ne\u011fitimli mahalle ekipleri taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lacak kontroller,\nyiyeceklerin evlere ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, <\/em>hapishaneden\n\u015fartl\u0131 tahliye<\/em>\nv<\/em>e i\u015fsizlik\n\u00f6demeleri \u2013 <\/em>alabildi\u011fi <\/em>bir kendili\u011finden\nkarantina tedbiri, dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131… ortaya \u00e7\u0131karabilir<\/em>\u201d.[123]<\/a>\n\u00d6zellikle i\u015fyerleri kapal\u0131 olan sosyalistler i\u00e7in i\u015fyeri\nmerkezli faaliyetten mahalle \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye ge\u00e7mek\n\u00f6nemlidir. Onlar krize kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ek bir i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 cevab\u0131\nolu\u015fturmak ad\u0131na sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131, sendikalar\u0131 ve\nmahalli \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri koordine edebilir. Bu \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerin\nihtiya\u00e7 duyaca\u011f\u0131 kaynaklar i\u00e7in yerel ve merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmetten fon\ntalep edebilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\u0130\u015f\u00e7i\ns\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 mahallelerinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecek faaliyetler temel bak\u0131m ve\ndestekle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle konut meselesi ciddi\nbir sorun. Engels\u2019in 19. yy.da kaydetti\u011fi gibi kalabal\u0131k haneler\nhastal\u0131klar\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131na neden oluyor. Bu zamanlar Londra gibi\n\u015fehirlerde pek \u00e7ok bo\u015f evin (bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu temelde yat\u0131r\u0131m\nama\u00e7l\u0131 elde tutuluyor) kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in\nkesinlikle do\u011fru zamanlard\u0131r.[124]<\/a>\nBu evler hem evsizler i\u00e7in hem de bireysel izolasyon i\u00e7in\nkullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nPandemi\nayn\u0131 zamanda, on y\u0131ld\u0131r fon kesintilerine ve birka\u00e7 on y\u0131ld\u0131r\n\u00f6zelle\u015ftirme ve piyasala\u015ft\u0131rmaya maruz kalan Britanya Ulusal\nSa\u011fl\u0131k Sistemi\u2019nin (NHS) g\u00fc\u00e7 ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 da ortaya serdi.\nBritanya\u2019da hasta yata\u011f\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 korkun\u00e7 derecede d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck; bin\nki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na sadece 2,8 yatak (bu rakam G. Kore\u2019de 11,5,\nAlmanya\u2019da 8,3, \u0130talya\u2019da 3,4). Yo\u011fun bak\u0131m yataklar\u0131 daha da\naz. GMB sendikas\u0131n\u0131n talep etti\u011fi gibi \u00f6zel hastanelerin\nkamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 k\u0131sa vadede biraz soluk ald\u0131r\u0131r.[125]<\/a>\nBuna sa\u011fl\u0131k alan\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yat\u0131r\u0131m program\u0131\ne\u015flik etmelidir. Krize kar\u015f\u0131 etkin bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturmak\ni\u00e7in hem kaynaklar\u0131n hem de insanlar\u0131n harekete ge\u00e7irilmesi\ngerekir. Hastalarla temasa ge\u00e7enlerin izlenmesi, test yapma,\ntemizlik ve tabii hastalarla ilgilenilmesi yo\u011fun emek gerektiren\ni\u015flerdir. Covid-19\u2019la boy \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u015femeyecek kadar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli\nolan SARS salg\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Toronto\u2019da vir\u00fcs, hastanelerin\nkamuya a\u00e7\u0131k kalabal\u0131k kesimlerinde ki\u015fiden ki\u015fiye bula\u015ft\u0131.\nBunun nedeni ki\u015fisel izolasyon imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n ve sa\u011fl\u0131k ekibinin\nsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yeterli olmamas\u0131yd\u0131 (bu yetersizli\u011fin nedeni de\nsa\u011fl\u0131ktan yap\u0131lan kesintilerdi).[126]<\/a>\nSa\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131na da \u00f6nem verilmelidir;\n\u0130talya\u2019da sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 az veya i\u015fe yaramaz koruyucu\nekipmanlar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta enfeksiyona maruz kald\u0131lar.[127]<\/a>\nSa\u011fl\u0131k ve sosyal hizmet \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n vir\u00fcs\u00fc hastalara,\nhastal\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 en savunmas\u0131z olanlara ve kendi meslekta\u015flar\u0131na\nbula\u015ft\u0131rmamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in onlar d\u00fczenli olarak test edilmeli ve\nizlenmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\u00dcniversite\nlaboratuvarlar\u0131 ile birlikte ila\u00e7 firmalar\u0131n\u0131n kaynaklar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131\nve di\u011fer potansiyel tedavi ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na tahsis\nedilmelidir. Bu tam bir \u015feffafl\u0131k ve kamusal hesap verilebilirlik\ni\u00e7inde yap\u0131lmal\u0131; fikri m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131skan\u00e7\u00e7a\nkorunmas\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretimine zarar verecek kar h\u0131rs\u0131 bir kenara\nb\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.[128]<\/a>\nT\u00fcm a\u015f\u0131lardan b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda \u00fcretilmeli ve \u00fcretim\nmaliyetine sat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r; K\u00fcresel G\u00fcney\u2019de ise bedava\nda\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nDaha\ngenel olarak; Covid-19 ve ekonomik daralma krizleri birlikte\ngeli\u015firken h\u00fck\u00fcmetler (istemeseler bile) kurtarma paketleri\nuygulama ve ekonomiye m\u00fcdahale etmek zorunda kal\u0131yorlar. Sol hem bu\nm\u00fcdahalelerin kapitalist devletin dikte etmesi \u015feklinde de\u011fil\nm\u00fcmk\u00fcn mertebe i\u015f\u00e7ilerin demokratik kontrol\u00fc dahilinde\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f vermeli hem de bunun kapitalizmin\n\u00fcretimin organizasyonundaki yetersizli\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\nif\u015fa etmelidir. Kapitalizm hem pandemilerin ba\u015f sorumlusudur hem de\nbunlara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede yetersiz kalmaktad\u0131r \u2013 ayn\u0131\nyetersizli\u011fi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 7,5 milyar insan\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n\nkar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 konusunda da g\u00f6stermektedir. Kriz derinle\u015ftik\u00e7e\ndaha fazla kulak, demokratik kontrol mekanizmalar\u0131 dahilinde\ni\u015fleyen, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir planl\u0131 ekonomiye d\u00f6n\u00fck tezlere\n(sosyalist d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme dair tezler) a\u00e7\u0131k hale gelecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nSon\nolarak g\u00fcnah ke\u00e7ileri yarat\u0131lmas\u0131na ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131\ndurmam\u0131z gerekir. Salg\u0131nlar\u0131n\n\u201cyabanc\u0131lar\u0131n i\u015fi\u201d olarak nitelendirilmesi yeni de\u011fildir. 14.\nyy.da h\u0131yarc\u0131kl\u0131 veban\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sorumlu tutulan\nYahudiler, pogromlara u\u011frad\u0131. 19.\nyy.da ABD\u2019de \u0130rlandal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin koleray\u0131 kendileriyle\nbirlikte getirdiklerine inan\u0131l\u0131yordu; ayn\u0131 zamanda verem de yine\nbir \u201cYahudi hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d idi. 20.\nyy.da \u00e7ocuk felcinin\ng\u00fcnah ke\u00e7isi\n\u0130talyanlar\u2019d\u0131.[129]<\/a>\nHastal\u0131klar \u00e7o\u011funlukla\ns\u00f6zde ilk g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fckleri yerle an\u0131l\u0131r: \u00f6rne\u011fin \u201c\u0130spanyol\u201d,\n\u201cRus\u201d, \u201cHong Kong\u201d veya \u201cMeksika\u201d gribi gibi.\nHastal\u0131klar\u0131n\nd\u0131\u015far\u0131dan geldi\u011fi\nalg\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla\nemperyalistler\naras\u0131 s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmelerle\ni\u00e7i\u00e7e ge\u00e7iyor.\n\u015eimdiki salg\u0131n da\nbunun\nistisnas\u0131 de\u011fil;\n\u00c7in ve ABD aras\u0131nda\ndevam eden \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma\nile bu durum\nba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.\nDolay\u0131s\u0131yla Covid-19\u2019a neden olan vir\u00fcs Trump taraf\u0131ndan\n\u201cyabanc\u0131\u201d veya \u201c\u00c7in\u201d vir\u00fcs\u00fc olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.[130]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\u00c7in\nas\u0131ll\u0131 vatanda\u015flarla Covid-19\u2019un yan yana an\u0131lmas\u0131 Britanya,\nABD ve ba\u015fka yerlerde \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 azd\u0131rd\u0131.\nSald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu \u00c7in\u2019den ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6dedikleri fahi\u015f\nokul \u00fccretleriyle Britanya y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011fretim sistemini ayakta tutan\n\u00f6\u011frencilere kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. G\u00f6\u00e7men topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131ndan\nsalg\u0131n i\u00e7in g\u00fcnah ke\u00e7ileri yaratarak \u0131rk ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\nyap\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele de sosyalistlerin g\u00f6revleri\naras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131\ndurmal\u0131y\u0131z; zaten \u00e7oktan vir\u00fcs pek \u00e7ok toplumun aras\u0131nda\nyay\u0131ld\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131r kapatmak art\u0131k pek bir i\u015fe yaramayacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\nBurada\n\u00f6nerilen tedbirler, Covid-19 pandemisine cevap vermek i\u00e7in solun\nsavunmas\u0131 gereken taleplerin genel hatlar\u0131d\u0131r. Maalesef bu, bizim\nhayatlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 tehdit eden son pandemi \u2013 hatta belki de en\n\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc \u2013 olmayacak. \u0130ster Wuhan\u2019daki \u201c\u0131slak\npazar\u201dlardan, ister Avrupa\u2019daki end\u00fcstrile\u015fmi\u015f domuz\n\u00e7iftliklerinden veya ABD\u2019deki tavuk fabrikalar\u0131ndan ba\u015flas\u0131n;\nb\u00f6ylesi hastal\u0131klar\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131na son derece elveri\u015fli bir\nd\u00fcnyada ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. Bu y\u00fczden yukar\u0131daki acil taleplerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda\npandemileri besleyen sistemin daha derin bir sorgulamas\u0131n\u0131\nyapmal\u0131y\u0131z. Rob Wallace\u2019\u0131n belirtti\u011fi gibi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toplumsal yeniden \u00fcretimin bir \u015fekli olarak end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m, en olmad\u0131 sadece kamusal sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 korumak ad\u0131na bile tamamen ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde sermayele\u015fmi\u015f g\u0131da \u00fcretimi insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n genelini tehlikeye atan (\u00f6rne\u011fin \u015fimdiki durumda yeni bir \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl pandeminin sald\u0131rmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu) faaliyetler \u00fczerinden geli\u015fir. G\u0131da sistemlerinin bu tehlikeli patojenlerin en ba\u015fta ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek tarzda toplumsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etmeliyiz. Bu \u00f6ncelikle g\u0131da \u00fcretiminin k\u0131r topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131yla yeniden entegre edilmesini gerektirir. \u00c7evreyi ve bize yiyecek temin eden \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri koruyacak zirai-ekolojik uygulamalar devreye girmelidir. Genel olarak do\u011fal \u00e7evrelerimizle ekonomimizi birbirinden koparan metabolik \u00e7atlaklar\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmeliyiz. S\u00f6z\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fc; kazanaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir d\u00fcnya var.[131]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6yle bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek ve dahas\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, emperyalist \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kapitalizmin mant\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan b\u00fct\u00fcnsel bir kopu\u015fun gerekli olu\u015fu g\u00fcnbeg\u00fcn daha \u00e7ok belirginle\u015fiyor. Bizim nihai tercihimizin sosyalizm veya barbarl\u0131k aras\u0131nda olaca\u011f\u0131 apa\u00e7\u0131k bir ger\u00e7ek ve bu uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r solda s\u0131k tekrarlan\u0131r. Covid-19 bir uyar\u0131d\u0131r; bize saatin i\u015flemeye devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Joseph Choonora<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\u00c7eviri:\nH.M. \u00c7elebio\u011flu<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz\u0131n\u0131n orijinali http:\/\/isj.org.uk\/socialism-in-a-time-of-pandemics<\/a> sayfas\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Yazar Hakk\u0131nda<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Joseph Choonora, International Socialism Dergisi’nin edit\u00f6r\u00fc ve A Reader\u2019s Guide to Marx\u2019s Capital<\/em> (Bookmarks, 2017)\u00a0ve\u00a0Unravelling Capitalism: A Guide to Marxist Political Economy<\/em> (2. bask\u0131: Bookmarks, 2017) kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n yazar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Notlar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

* <\/a>\u0130ngilizce\u2019deki\n\t\u201cpandemic\u201d kelimesi T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck salg\u0131n\u201d veya\n\t\u201ckontrolden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f\/\u00e7\u0131kmak \u00fczere olan salg\u0131n\u201d olarak\n\t\u00e7evirilebilir. Asl\u0131nda bizim salg\u0131n olarak dillendirdi\u011fimiz olgu\n\t\u0130ngilizce\u2019de \u201cepidemic\u201d kelimesiyle kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yor. Biz\n\t\u00e7eviride (ba\u015fl\u0131ktaki hari\u00e7) \u201cpandemic\u201d i\u00e7in t\u0131bbi bir\n\tterim olan ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019de de yayg\u0131nla\u015fan pandemi, \u201cepidemic\u201d\n\ti\u00e7in ise salg\u0131n kelimelerini tercih ettik \u2013 \u00e7evirmen notu\n\t(\u00e7.n.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. <\/a>Yaz\u0131n\u0131n\n\ttasla\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine yapt\u0131klar\u0131 yorumlar i\u00e7in Alex Callinicos, Esme\n\tChoonora, Martin Epson, Charlie Kimber, Richard Donnelly ve John\n\tParrington\u2019a te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. <\/a>Vir\u00fcsler temelde koruyucu bir g\u00f6vde i\u00e7inde yer alan ve ancak ve ancak canl\u0131 bir organizman\u0131n h\u00fccresi i\u00e7inde \u00e7o\u011falabilen, genetik kod par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r (DNA veya RNA). Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 canl\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi, vir\u00fcse kar\u015f\u0131 koyabilir ve belirli patojene ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k kazan\u0131labilir. Yine de vir\u00fcs\u00fcn genetik kodu mutasyona u\u011fray\u0131p yeni bir vir\u00fcs haline gelebiliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. <\/a>D\u00fcnya\n\tSa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc \u2013 DS\u00d6 (World Health Organisation \u2013 WHO);\n\t2017<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. <\/a>WHO;\n\t2020a. Ger\u00e7ek toplam hasta say\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7indeki \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131 \u00e7ok\n\tdaha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck. Bunun nedeni baz\u0131 hastalar\u0131n kay\u0131t alt\u0131na\n\tal\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131. Sa\u011fl\u0131k sistemlerinin ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde\n\tkapasitelerinin zorlad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda da\n\tfarkl\u0131l\u0131klar mevcut.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. <\/a>Morens,\n\tDazak ve Taubenberger; 2020; s. 1-2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. <\/a>Vir\u00fcs,\n\tku\u015flarda de\u011fi\u015fmeye devam eder, fakat g\u00f6rece iyi huylu ve kolayca\n\tyay\u0131lma \u00f6zelli\u011fi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden yeni t\u00fcrlerin yayg\u0131n olanlar\u0131n\n\tyerini almas\u0131na s\u0131k rastlanmaz \u2013 Dehner; 2012; s. 26-27<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. <\/a>Dehner;\n\t2012; s. 27-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. <\/a>Dehner;\n\t2012; s. 12<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. <\/a>Yarasalar\n\tbilhassa alfa ve betakoronavir\u00fcs t\u00fcrlerinin esas depolar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. <\/a>Hu\n\tve di\u011ferleri; 2015<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. <\/a>Dehner; 2012; s. 33-34<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. <\/a>McNeill; 1976; s.69, 131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13. <\/a>McNeill; 1976; s. 103<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

14. <\/a>Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131\n\tta\u015f\u0131yan kemirgenlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131nda ve onlar\u0131 do\u011fal\n\t\u00e7evrelerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p insan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131nlar\u0131na\n\tsokulmas\u0131nda iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi de muhtemelen etkili oldu; insan\n\tkaynakl\u0131 iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin olas\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir\n\that\u0131rlatma \u2013 Sherman; 2007; s. 73-74<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. <\/a>McNeill;\n\t1976, s. 132-145<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

16. <\/a>McNeill;\n\t1976; s. 149<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17. <\/a>McNeill;\n\t1976; s. 176-180; Jared Diamond (1999; s. 159-163, 178, 213),\n\tAvrasya\u2019da evcille\u015ftirmeye uygun \u00e7o\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck hayvan\n\tbulunurken, Amerika\u2019da bir\u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck memelinin 13 bin sene \u00f6nce\n\tsoylar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fckendi\u011fini belirtir. Lama ve alpaka bunun\n\tistisnalar\u0131d\u0131r; ancak bu hayvanlar\u0131n evcille\u015ftirilmesi usul\u00fc\n\tAnt Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7medi. Ayr\u0131ca bu hayvanlar,\n\tAvrasya\u2019daki muadillerine g\u00f6re daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck s\u00fcr\u00fcler halinde ve\n\tevlerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda besleniyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

18. <\/a>McNeill;\n\t1976; s. 180<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. <\/a>Cartwright\n\tve Biddiss; 2004; s. 79<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20. <\/a>Cartwright\n\tve Biddiss; 2004; s. 80, Sherman; 2007; s. 56<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21. <\/a>Filozof\n\tImmanuel Kant (2007) 1782 Bahar\u0131\u2019nda K\u00f6nisberg\u2019i vuran grip\n\tsalg\u0131n\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 yazar: \u201cAvrupa\u2019n\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n\n\tgeri kalan\u0131yla birlikte kendisini i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fi topluluk,\n\tkervanlar ve gemiler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla pek \u00e7ok hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm\n\td\u00fcnyaya yayd\u0131<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

22. <\/a>Daunton;\n\t1995; s. 408-413<\/p>\n\n\n\n

23. <\/a>Sherman;\n\t2007; s. 56<\/p>\n\n\n\n

24. <\/a>Sherman;\n\t2007; s. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

25. <\/a>Sherman;\n\t2007; s. 107-108, 110<\/p>\n\n\n\n

26. <\/a>Dehner;\n\t2012; s. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

27. <\/a>Engels;\n\t1975; s. 365<\/p>\n\n\n\n

28. <\/a>Engels;\n\t1988; s. 337-338<\/p>\n\n\n\n

29. <\/a>Flecknoe\n\tve di\u011ferleri; 2018<\/p>\n\n\n\n

30. <\/a>Davis;\n\t2006a; s. 146-148. Emperyalizmin \u201cK\u00fcresel G\u00fcney\u201dde neden\n\toldu\u011fu salg\u0131nlar, do\u011frudan hastal\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131yan ki\u015filerin yol\n\ta\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildi. Rinderpest (s\u0131\u011f\u0131r vebas\u0131)\n\tAfrika\u2019ya \u0130talyan s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilerin 1880\u2019lerde G\u00fcney\n\tAfrika\u2019daki Eritre\u2019ye Hindistan\u2019dan getirdikleri b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015f\n\thayvanlar yoluyla girdi. Hastal\u0131k, \u00f6k\u00fcz arabalar\u0131yla g\u00fcnde 36\n\tkm ilerleyerek ve s\u00fct, et, deri, yakacak g\u00fcbre, ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k ve\n\tde\u011fi\u015f-toku\u015f ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015f hayvanlara\n\tihtiya\u00e7 duyan yerel halk\u0131 k\u0131ra k\u0131ra G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019ya kadar\n\tyay\u0131ld\u0131 \u2013 Phoofolo; 1993. Hastal\u0131k deh\u015fet sa\u00e7t\u0131; Zambezi\n\tIrma\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki b\u00f6lgede 5,2 milyondan fazla hayvan\n\t\u00f6ld\u00fc. \u00d6nce k\u0131tl\u0131k ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi; sonras\u0131nda dikenli \u00e7al\u0131lar\u0131n\n\tsavanay\u0131 istila etmesi nedeniyle \u00e7e\u00e7e sine\u011fi pop\u00fclasyonu artt\u0131\n\tve bu sinekler yeni bir salg\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7t\u0131: Uyku\n\thastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2013 Chuang; 2020, Van der Bossche; 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

31. <\/a>McNeill;\n\t1976; s. 185, Cartwright ve Biddiss; 2004; s. 149<\/p>\n\n\n\n

32. <\/a>Dehner;\n\t2012; s. 57<\/p>\n\n\n\n

33. <\/a>Sava\u015fta\n\ttarafs\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015f \u0130spanya\u2019da sava\u015fan \u00fclkelerinin\n\tk\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131ndan azade gazeteler \u00f6zg\u00fcrce grip salg\u0131n\u0131\n\thaberleri ge\u00e7ebiliyorlard\u0131. Bu durum \u0130spanya\u2019da salg\u0131n\u0131n\n\t\u00f6zellikle k\u00f6t\u00fc ilerledi\u011fi intibas\u0131 yaratt\u0131 ve hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\n\torada ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.\n\t\u0130spanya\u2019da\n\tona \u00f6nce\n\t\u00e7ok\n\t\u201cbula\u015f\u0131c\u0131\u201d olarak\n\taddedilen bir\n\t\u015fark\u0131dan hareketle\n\t\u201cNapoli\n\tAskeri\u201d\n\tismi tak\u0131ld\u0131;\n\tsonradan\n\t\u201cFrans\u0131z Gribi\u201d olarak an\u0131ld\u0131.\n\t–\n\tbkz.\n\tTrilla ve di\u011ferleri; 2008. Salg\u0131n\u0131n\n\tnerede ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fil; yazarlar ABD, Avusturya ve\n\tFransa\u2019y\u0131 i\u015faret ediyorlar, ama ba\u015fka iddialar da var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

34. <\/a>Dehner;\n\t2012; s. 60<\/p>\n\n\n\n

35. <\/a>Liu\n\tve di\u011ferleri; 2018; s. 463<\/p>\n\n\n\n

36. <\/a>\u00d6rne\u011fin\n\tbkz. Morris, Cleary ve Clarke; 2017<\/p>\n\n\n\n

37. <\/a>Monto\n\tve Sellwood; 2013; s. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

38. <\/a>Davis;\n\t2006b; s. 26, Davis; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

39. <\/a>Davis;\n\t2006b; s. 40-43<\/p>\n\n\n\n

40. <\/a>Monto\n\tve Sellwood; 2013; s. 44-45<\/p>\n\n\n\n

41. <\/a>Yer\n\tdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc bu genel bak\u0131\u015f t\u00fcm pandemileri (\u00f6rne\u011fin\n\t\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli olan HIV ve Zika gibi) kapsamayacak<\/p>\n\n\n\n

42. <\/a>Wallace;\n\t2016<\/p>\n\n\n\n

43. <\/a>Davis;\n\t2006b; s. 83-84<\/p>\n\n\n\n

44. <\/a>Chuang;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

45. <\/a>Strauchs;\n\t1998; s. 102-103<\/p>\n\n\n\n

46. <\/a>Morens,\n\tDazak ve Taubenberger; 2020; s. 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

47. <\/a>Looi\n\tve Chua; 2007<\/p>\n\n\n\n

48. <\/a>Wallace\n\tve di\u011ferleri; 2015; s. 4, 6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

49. <\/a>Wallace;\n\t2020a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

50. <\/a>Dehner;\n\t2012; s. 121. Hong Kong \u0130ngilizcesi\u2019nden t\u00fcremi\u015f bir terim olan\n\t\u201c\u0131slak pazar\u201d [\u201cwet market\u201d]; et, bal\u0131k ve sebze-meyve\n\tgibi kolay bozulan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 pazard\u0131r \u2013 giysi\n\tveya elektronik e\u015fyalar\u0131n sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ckuru pazar\u201d\u0131n\n\tkar\u015f\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Son zamanlarda bu terim bazen \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131n mutfak\n\tk\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lama amac\u0131yla (salg\u0131n\u0131n nedeni olarak bu\n\tk\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi nedeniyle) kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n\n\tAvrupa ve Kuzey Amerika\u2019da bir s\u00fcr\u00fc \u201c\u0131slak pazar\u201d var ve\n\tbir yazar\u0131n i\u015faret etti\u011fi gibi G\u00fcney Florida\u2019da timsah\n\tkaburgas\u0131, misk faresi, va\u015fak ve \u00e7\u0131ng\u0131rakl\u0131 y\u0131lan al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi\n\tfilizlenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 \u2013 bkz. St Cavish; 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

51. <\/a>Dehner;\n\t2012; s. 121-122<\/p>\n\n\n\n

52. <\/a>Wallace;\n\t2009a; s. 923-926. \u00c7in\u2019deki domuz yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi de art\u0131k\n\t\u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde end\u00fcstrile\u015fmi\u015f durumda \u2013 bkz. Schneider;\n\t2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

53. <\/a>Davis;\n\t2006b; s. 58-62<\/p>\n\n\n\n

54. <\/a>Davis;\n\t2006b; s. 97-100<\/p>\n\n\n\n

55. <\/a>Wallace;\n\t2009a; s. 921-922<\/p>\n\n\n\n

56. <\/a>Dehner;\n\t2012; s. 126<\/p>\n\n\n\n

57. <\/a>Dehner;\n\t2012; s. 125-126<\/p>\n\n\n\n

58. <\/a>Wallace;\n\t2009a; s. 918<\/p>\n\n\n\n

59. <\/a>DS\u00d6;\n\t2020b. \u0130kinci bir grip t\u00fcr\u00fc olan H7N9 \u00c7in\u2019de yeni bir salg\u0131na\n\tneden oldu; Aral\u0131k 2019 itibariyle 1568 vaka ve 616 \u00f6l\u00fc rapor\n\tedildi. Vakalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu yine k\u00fcmes hayvanlar\u0131yla temas\n\tneticesinde hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve insandan insana bula\u015fma\n\tyine azd\u0131 \u2013 DS\u00d6; 2019, Paules ve Subbarao; 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

60. <\/a>Wallace;\n\t2009<\/p>\n\n\n\n

61. <\/a>Dehner;\n\t2012; s. 142<\/p>\n\n\n\n

62. <\/a>Bkz.\n\tGodlee; 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n

63. <\/a>Hu\n\tve di\u011ferleri; 2017<\/p>\n\n\n\n

64. <\/a>Lin;\n\t2001; s. 64, 66<\/p>\n\n\n\n

65. <\/a>Ali\n\tve Keil; 2006; s. 497-498<\/p>\n\n\n\n

66. <\/a>Davis;\n\t2006b; s. 74-75<\/p>\n\n\n\n

67. <\/a>Wilder-Smith,\n\tChiew ve Lee; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

68. <\/a>Peeri\n\tve di\u011ferleri; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

69. <\/a>Hermida\n\tve di\u011ferleri; 2017<\/p>\n\n\n\n

70. <\/a>Chuang;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

71. <\/a>HSBC;\n\t2018, Forbes; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

72. <\/a>Wallace;\n\t2020b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

73. <\/a>Standaert;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

74. <\/a>Ali\n\tve Keil; 2006; s. 500<\/p>\n\n\n\n

75. <\/a>Peeri\n\tve di\u011ferleri; 2020; s. 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n

76. <\/a>IATA\n\t(International Air Transport Association \u2013 Uluslararas\u0131 Hava\n\tTa\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Birli\u011fi) verisi; Wang, Yang ve Wang; 2019; s. 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n

77. <\/a>Chuang;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

78. <\/a>WTO\n\t(World Trade Organisation \u2013 D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc) verisi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

79. <\/a>Yang\n\tve Hille; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

80. <\/a>Brower,\n\tRaval, Sheppard ve Meyer; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

81. <\/a>\u00d6rne\u011fin\n\tbkz. Tooze; 2018; s. 202-219<\/p>\n\n\n\n

82. <\/a>Roberts;\n\t2020a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

83. <\/a>Choonara;\n\t2018; s. 107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

84. <\/a>Choonara;\n\t2018; s. 104,105<\/p>\n\n\n\n

85. <\/a>Plender;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

86. <\/a>Edgecliffe-Johnson\n\tve di\u011ferleri; 2020. Bu \u201czombi firmalar\u201da dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftim \u2013\n\tChoonara; 2018; s. 105-107<\/p>\n\n\n\n

87. <\/a>Plender;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

88. <\/a>Roberts;\n\t2020b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

89. <\/a>Zhong\n\tve Mozur; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

90. <\/a>Bu,\n\ther ko\u015fulda bir \u015fehir efsanesidir. Bergan Evans (1954; s. 77)\n\t\u201cfa\u015fizmin etkinli\u011fi efsanesi\u201d konusunda \u015fu yorumda bulunuyor:\n\t\u201cBu kitab\u0131n yazar\u0131, her trende bir fa\u015fist muhaf\u0131z\u0131n oldu\u011fu\n\t1930 Yaz\u0131\u2019nda (Mussolini\u2019nin en parlak d\u00f6nemi)\n\tFrans\u0131z-Bel\u00e7ikal\u0131 Tur \u015eirketi\u2019nde seyahat rehberi olarak i\u015fe\n\tal\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve kendisinin seyahat etti\u011fi \u00e7o\u011fu \u0130talyan\n\ttreninin saat tarifesine uymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 (hatta yak\u0131n\u0131ndan bile\n\tge\u00e7medi\u011fi) konusunda yeminli ifade vermeye haz\u0131rd\u0131r<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

91. <\/a>Yuan;\n\t2020. \u00c7in\u2019de sosyal medya temelli g\u00f6zetlemenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131\n\thakk\u0131nda bkz. Zuboff; 2019; s. 388-394<\/p>\n\n\n\n

92. <\/a>Chuang;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

93. <\/a>Chuang;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

94. <\/a>Chuang;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

95. <\/a>Zhong\n\tve Mozur; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

96. <\/a>Al\u0131nt\u0131\n\tZhong ve Mozur; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

97. <\/a>Buckley\n\tve Myers; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

98. <\/a>Tamma;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

99. <\/a>Perrone;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

100. <\/a>Basketter;\n\t2020, Del Panta; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

101. <\/a>Lahut;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

102. <\/a>Scott;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

103. <\/a>Boseley;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

104. <\/a>Lander,\n\tCastle ve Mueller; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

105. <\/a>Stewart,\n\tProctor ve Siddique; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

106. <\/a>Horton;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

107. <\/a>Warner;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

108. <\/a>Stewart,\n\tBoseley, Walker ve Elliott; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

109. <\/a>Ferguson\n\tve di\u011ferleri; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

110. <\/a>Kentikelenis;\n\t2017<\/p>\n\n\n\n

111. <\/a>Pilling;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

112. <\/a>Nordling;\n\t2020, Davis; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

113. <\/a>DS\u00d6\n\tverisi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

114. <\/a>E\u011fer\n\tCovid-19 bast\u0131r\u0131lamaz ve insanl\u0131\u011fa zarar veren bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131\n\thastal\u0131klar havuzuna kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak eklenirse, o zaman \u201cs\u00fcr\u00fc\n\tba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d devreye girebilir. E\u011fer baz\u0131 insanlar bir\n\thastal\u0131\u011fa ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131k hale gelirse hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n geni\u015f bir\n\ttabanda yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 yava\u015flar; zira bu hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 bula\u015ft\u0131racak\n\tinsanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 azalm\u0131\u015f olur. Fakat bu ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k bir\n\ta\u015f\u0131 program\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmedi\u011fi m\u00fcddet\u00e7e bu\n\tkavrama, hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n durdurulamamas\u0131n\u0131n\n\tyaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 korkun\u00e7 bir sonu\u00e7 olarak yakla\u015fmam\u0131z gerek;\n\th\u00fck\u00fcmetin ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir hedef olarak de\u011fil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

115. <\/a>Delamater\n\tve di\u011ferleri; 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

116. <\/a>Onlar\u0131n\n\tmodeli en iyimser senaryoda bile yakla\u015f\u0131k 250 bin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\n\tya\u015fanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr \u2013 Fergusaon ve di\u011ferleri; 2020; s. 7,\n\t16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

117. <\/a>Ferguson\n\tve di\u011ferleri; 2020; s. 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

118. <\/a>Buranyi;\n\t2020, Ferguson ve di\u011ferleri; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

119. <\/a>Neate;\n\t2020, Rao; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

120. <\/a>WERS;\n\t2011 verisi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

121. <\/a>Adams;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

122. <\/a>Socialist\n\tWorker; 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

123. <\/a>Wallace;\n\t2020a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

124. <\/a>Sadece\n\tuzun zamand\u0131r bo\u015f duran evlerin dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihtiyatl\u0131\n\tbir tahmine g\u00f6re \u0130ngiltere\u2019de bunlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 216 bine\n\tula\u015f\u0131yor. – Kollewe; 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

125. <\/a>GMB;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

126. <\/a>Ali\n\tve Keil; 2006; s. 501, Davis; 2006b; s. 76-77<\/p>\n\n\n\n

127. <\/a>Oddone;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

128. <\/a>Buranyi;\n\t2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n

129. <\/a>Cartwright\n\tve Biddiss; 2004; s. 39, Sherman; 2007; s. 111-112, Kraut; 2010; s.\n\t125<\/p>\n\n\n\n

130. <\/a>Zimmer;\n\t2020, Kuo; 2020. Baz\u0131 \u00c7inli yetkililer pandeminin Amerikan ordusu\n\ttaraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ederek \u00f6\u00e7 al\u0131yor gibiler \u2013\n\tMyers; 2020. Macaristan\u2019\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f lideri Viktor Orban da\n\tCovid-19\u2019un yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n kabahatini \u0130ranl\u0131 m\u00fcltecilerin\n\t\u00fcst\u00fcne at\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

131. <\/a>Wallace;\n\t2020a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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Zimmer, Ben, 2020, \u201cWhy Trump Intentionally Misnames the Coronavirus\u201d, The Atlantic<\/em>, 12 March 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zuboff, Shoshana, 2019, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism<\/em> (Profile)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pandemileri[*] \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemez, do\u011fan\u0131n insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirmek yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.[1] Buna kar\u015f\u0131n Koronavir\u00fcs Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 2019 (Covid-19) salg\u0131n\u0131 \u201cdo\u011fal\u201d bir olgu olman\u0131n \u00e7ok uza\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r. Salg\u0131nlar ve pandemiler; vir\u00fcslerin mutasyonu, bir canl\u0131dan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1514,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[466,376],"tags":[593,594,584,43,597,596,595,579,587,590,591,586,585,588,589,11,592],"class_list":["post-1483","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-eko-pol","category-makaleyaz","tag-big-farms-make-big-flu","tag-cevre-krizi","tag-covid-19","tag-ekonomik-kriz","tag-endustriyel-hayvancilik","tag-endustriyel-tarim","tag-iklim-krizi","tag-korona","tag-kovid-19","tag-mers","tag-nalburunlu-yarasa","tag-pandemi","tag-salgin","tag-sars","tag-sars2","tag-sosyalizm","tag-wallace"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1483","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1483"}],"version-history":[{"count":81,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1483\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1798,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1483\/revisions\/1798"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1514"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1483"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1483"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1483"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}