![\"\"](\"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/extinction.jpg\")
<\/a><\/p>\nBu d\u00f6neme Antropesen (\u0130nsan \u00c7a\u011f\u0131) ad\u0131n\u0131 verdiler. [T. Ahmet Ertek, \u201cAntropojenik Jeomorfoloji\u201d, T\u00fcrk Co\u011frafya Dergisi 69,2017]<\/p>\n
\u00d6nceden bilim insanlar\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nlerini jeoloji, biyoloji, ekoloji, fizik ve di\u011fer disiplinleri kullanarak anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u015eimdi \u00e7ok say\u0131da ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 entegre bir gezegen sistemi olarak ele al\u0131yor ve insan faaliyetinin sistemi h\u0131zla temelden de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fini ke\u015ffediyor.<\/p>\n
Bu perspektifin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda gezegenin do\u011fas\u0131na ili\u015fkin iki temel durumun fark edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 \u00f6nemliydi. Birincisi, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kendisi tek bir sistem ve biyosfer onun aktif ve vazge\u00e7ilmez bir par\u00e7as\u0131. \u0130kincisi, insan faaliyetleri sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6ylesine yayg\u0131n ve derin ki d\u00fcnyay\u0131 k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde t\u00fcmle\u015fik, interaktif ve h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 yollardan etkiliyor; insanlar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 oldu\u011fu canl\u0131 ve cans\u0131z s\u00fcre\u00e7leri bile\u015fenleri ile birlikte tehdit ediyor. [Steffen, vd., \u201cThe Anthropocene: Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature?,\u201d s. 614]<\/p>\n
1980\u2019lerde yeni bilimsel ara\u00e7lar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile \u00f6zellikle de t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyan\u0131n durumu hakk\u0131nda veri toplamak \u00fczere dizayn edilmi\u015f uydular ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da bilimsel veriyi toplayan, ileten ve analiz edebilen bilgisayar sistemleri sayesinde d\u00fcnyay\u0131 bir sistem olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn ve zorunlu hale geldi.<\/p>\n
Bilim insanlar\u0131 n\u00fckleer silahlar\u0131n, ozon-y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 kimyasallar\u0131n ve sera gazlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnyay\u0131 radikal olarak yeniden yap\u0131c\u0131 ve potansiyel olarak y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla insan faaliyetinin sadece de\u011fi\u015fime de\u011fil k\u00fcresel de\u011fi\u015fime yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark ettiler.<\/p>\n
Tarihsel de\u011fi\u015fim: Antroposen d\u00f6nemi<\/h3>\n
D\u00fcnya tarihinde \u00e7ok yak\u0131n zamanlara kadar insanlar ve faaliyetleri d\u00fcnya sisteminin dinamiklerinde \u00f6nemsiz bir g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fc. Ancak son d\u00f6nemde insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n biyosfer ve di\u011fer alanlardaki etkisi do\u011fan\u0131n kendisi kadar ve hatta daha fazla olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130nsan kaynakl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, mekansal \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi ve h\u0131z\u0131 daha \u00f6nce g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir d\u00fczeyde ve \u015fimdi insan faaliyeti bir dizi biyokimyasal d\u00f6ng\u00fcde do\u011fayla e\u015fit ya da \u00fcst\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130nsan faaliyetlerinin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7evresine ve i\u015fleyi\u015fine \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc etkisi ya da belirleyicili\u011fi ba\u015fka bir jeolojik d\u00f6nem \u00f6nerilerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n son bir ka\u00e7 jenerasyonu bir ka\u00e7 y\u00fcz milyon y\u0131lda olu\u015fan fosil yak\u0131t rezervlerini bitirme s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde. Neredeyse toprak y\u00fczeyinin %50\u2019si do\u011frudan insan eyleminin bio-\u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fe, beslenme d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcne, toprak yap\u0131s\u0131na, biyoloji ve iklime y\u00f6nelik \u00f6nemli etkileriyle d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. T\u00fcm toprak eko-sisteminde do\u011fal olarak var olandan daha fazla nitrojen sentetik ve g\u00fcbre uyguland\u0131. Eri\u015filebilir tatl\u0131 suyun yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131 do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 olarak insanl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lmakta ve yeralt\u0131 su kaynaklar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu b\u00f6lgede h\u0131zla t\u00fckeniyor. Karbondioksit ve metana ek olarak bir dizi iklimsel \u00f6neme sahip sera gazlar\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu atmosferde b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda artt\u0131. K\u0131y\u0131 ve deniz ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. Mangrovlar\u0131n6 %50\u2019si ortadan kalkt\u0131 ve sulak alanlar yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya azald\u0131. Deniz bal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n %22\u2019si a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 avland\u0131 ya da t\u00fckendi ve %44\u2019\u00fc t\u00fckenme s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda.<\/p>\n
Yokolu\u015f oranlar\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n deniz ve kara eko-sistemlerinde h\u0131zla art\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya tek bir biyolojik t\u00fcr\u00fcn (insanl\u0131k) faaliyetleri sonucu ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck yok olu\u015fun i\u00e7inde. [Potsdam Institute, \u201cTurn Down the Heat\u201d, 2014, s.5]<\/p>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck h\u0131zlanma<\/h3>\n
Ye\u015fil politika y\u00fcr\u00fcten \u00e7evrelerde \u00e7evresel problemler i\u00e7in bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 su\u00e7lamak gibi muhafazakar bir e\u011filim var. [\u0130nsan do\u011fas\u0131na ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7in bkz. Dan Swain, \u201cYabanc\u0131la\u015fma\u201d, Marx-21 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2013] \u0130nsan\u0131n do\u011fan\u0131n s\u00fcrekli d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve radikal olarak n\u00fcfusu azalt\u0131lmadan do\u011fan\u0131n korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik t\u00fcm di\u011fer \u00f6nlemlerin kesinlikle ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6yleniyor. Ancak Antropesen (\u0130nsan \u00c7a\u011f\u0131) projesinin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yapan bilim insanlar\u0131 \u201ct\u00fcm insanlar\u0131n su\u00e7lu\u201d oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131n\u0131 bir \u00e7ok kez ve a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a reddettiler.<\/p>\n
Stephen Pacala ekolojik ayak izi konusunda \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u201c3 milyar yoksul insan… asl\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir sal\u0131n\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmiyor. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle en yoksullar\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi iklim problemleriyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fm\u0131yor. Bunun anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7ok, ama \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli… Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda b\u00fcy\u00fck sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 yapanlar zenginler. En \u00fcst 500 milyon insan (insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n %8 kadar\u0131) sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131ndan sorumlu\u201d.<\/p>\n
K\u00fcresel e\u015fitsizlik \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck H\u0131zlanma\u201dn\u0131n nedenleri ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na temel bir fakt\u00f6r olarak dahil edilmi\u015f durumda. Bu e\u015fitsizlik sadece \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00fclkelerin kendi i\u00e7inde ya\u015fan\u0131yor. D\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun sadece %1\u2019i toplam zenginli\u011fin yar\u0131s\u0131na sahip ve e\u015fitsizlik daha \u00f6nce g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f d\u00fczeyde art\u0131yor. B\u00fcy\u00fck h\u0131zlanmay\u0131 analiz etti\u011fimizde nihai olarak insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n gelece\u011fini belirleyen konular\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f ve iktidar ili\u015fkileri oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rebiliyoruz.<\/p>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck h\u0131zlanman\u0131n g\u00fcncellendi\u011fi raporda bilim insanlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u201c2010\u2019da OECD \u00fclkeleri k\u00fcresel GSMH\u2019nin y\u00fczde 74\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc, ancak k\u00fcresel n\u00fcfusun sadece y\u00fczde 18%\u2019ini olu\u015fturuyor… D\u00fcnya sistemi \u00fczerinde insan izinin \u00e7o\u011fu OECD \u00fclkelerinden kaynakl\u0131. Bu durum k\u00fcresel e\u015fitsizlik d\u00fczeyinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne i\u015faret ediyor ve b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u0131zlanman\u0131n nedeni olan zenginli\u011fin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sapt\u0131r\u0131yor ve d\u00fcnya sistemi \u00fczerindeki etkileriyle ba\u015f etmek i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00e7abalar\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor… B\u00fcy\u00fck h\u0131zlanma \u00e7ok yak\u0131n zamana kadar neredeyse tamamen geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerdeki insan n\u00fcfusunun k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor\u201d. [Steffen, vd., \u201cThe Anthropocene: From Global Change to Planetary Stewardship\u201d, s. 746]<\/p>\n
\u0130klim kaosu ve gezegenin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131<\/h3>\n
Bug\u00fcn oldu\u011fu gibi iklim sistemi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 stres alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funda ani de\u011fi\u015fimlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131yor. Ani iklim de\u011fi\u015fimleri \u00f6zellikle iklim sistemi en h\u0131zl\u0131 \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015fmeye zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bu nedenle gelecek h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimler g\u00fcvenilir bir \u015fekilde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemiyor ve iklim s\u00fcrprizleri bekleniyor. [George Manbiot, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2018\/nov\/14\/earth-death-spiral-radical-action-climate-breakdown?]<\/p>\n
Avrupa, 2003: Son 500 y\u0131l\u0131n en s\u0131cak yaz\u0131nda 70,000 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Rusya, 2010: 1500\u2019den bu yana g\u00f6r\u00fclen en s\u0131cak yaz Moskova yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda 500 tane kontrol edilemeyen yang\u0131na neden oldu. Tah\u0131l mahsulleri y\u00fczde 30 azald\u0131, elli alt\u0131 ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
ABD, 2011: Teksas ve Okloho-ma\u2019da 1880\u2019den bu yana g\u00f6r\u00fclen en a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 temmuz s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kurakl\u0131k. 13 milyon dolar zarar oldu\u011fu hesapland\u0131.<\/p>\n
Hindistan, 2015: May\u0131sta s\u0131cak dalgas\u0131 47,7\u00b0C (117\u00b0F) kadar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda iki y\u00fcz elli ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Hansen, Sato, ve Ruedy bu tip olaylara referans verirken \u201ck\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma olmasayd\u0131 b\u00f6ylesi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 anomalilerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fcvenle s\u00f6yleyebiliriz\u201d diyorlar. [Hansen, vd., \u201cPerception of Climate Change\u201d]<\/p>\n
Britanya Sa\u011fl\u0131k Dergisi\u2019nde 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada \u201ciklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck sa\u011fl\u0131k tehdidi oldu\u011fu\u201d sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. 2015\u2019te devam\u0131 yap\u0131lan ayn\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma tehlikenin b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6steriyor: \u201cBug\u00fcn hissedilen iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin etkileri ve gelecek projeksiyonlar\u0131 insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde kabul edilemez y\u00fckseklikte ve potansiyel olarak y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 risk ta\u015f\u0131yor\u201d. [Lancet, \u201cManaging the Health Effects of Climate Change\u201d; Lancet, \u201cHealth and Climate Change\u201d]<\/p>\n
D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc 2030 ile 2050 aras\u0131nda iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi nedeniyle y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00f6l\u00fcm rakamlar\u0131n\u0131n milyonlarca artaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131caklar nedeniyle \u00f6l\u00fcm oranlar\u0131n\u0131n daha da y\u00fckselece\u011fini belirtiyor. [D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc, \u201c\u0130klim, De\u011fi\u015fim ve Sa\u011fl\u0131k\u201d]<\/p>\n
Kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fumuz problem, felakete yol a\u00e7an de\u011fi\u015fimin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde harekete ge\u00e7ilmezse felaket getiren de\u011fi\u015fimin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olmas\u0131. Y\u00f6neticiler \u0131s\u0131nmay\u0131 2\u00b0C alt\u0131nda tutmak i\u00e7in sahte ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k s\u00f6zleri veriyor, ancak zorunlu emisyon miktarlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketler ve onlara hizmet eden politikac\u0131lar\u0131n iyi niyetine kal\u0131rsa bunun m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi biliyoruz.<\/p>\n
Naomi Klein\u2019\u0131n de \u0131srarla ifade etti\u011fi gibi bu durum g\u00fcndemimizin en ba\u015f\u0131na radikal sosyal de\u011fi\u015fim ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartmam\u0131z\u0131 gerektiriyor.<\/p>\n
Anderson ve Bows-Larkin felakete yol a\u00e7acak \u0131s\u0131nmadan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in halen zaman\u0131m\u0131z var \u201cancak kapitalizmin kurallar\u0131 i\u00e7inde de\u011fil… Bunun kurallar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u015fimdiye kadar ifade edilen en \u00f6nemli arg\u00fcman oldu\u011fu kesin\u201d diyorlar. [Naomi Klein, \u201c\u0130\u015fte Bu Her \u015eeyi De\u011fi\u015ftirir\u201d, Agora Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131]<\/p>\n
Kapitalizm ve do\u011fa<\/h3>\n
Kapitalist d\u00f6nemde insanl\u0131k sa\u011fl\u0131k, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, felsefe, edebiyat, m\u00fczik vs. alanlar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck ilerlemeler kaydetti. Ancak kapitalizm ayn\u0131 zamanda a\u00e7l\u0131k, yoksulluk, kitlesel \u015fiddet, i\u015fkence ve soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 da daha \u00f6nce g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f d\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Kapitalizm geni\u015fledik\u00e7e ve ya\u015fland\u0131k\u00e7a do\u011fas\u0131ndaki barbarl\u0131k daha \u00e7ok \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler h\u0131zla ve kendili\u011finden b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler haline geldi.<\/p>\n
Ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki de\u011fi\u015fimler ne kadar yayg\u0131n ya da y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olsa da b\u00fct\u00fcnsel olarak d\u00fcnya sisteminin yap\u0131s\u0131nda ya da i\u015fleyi\u015finde \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fimlere neden olmad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Ancak 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan sonra d\u00fcnya sisteminin durumu ve i\u015fleyi\u015finde holosen d\u00f6neminin \u00e7e\u015fitlilik aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde ve do\u011fal de\u011fi\u015fkenlerle de\u011fil, insan faaliyetleriyle belirlenen temel bir de\u011fi\u015fimin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k kan\u0131tlar\u0131 var.<\/p>\n
Bilim insanlar\u0131na g\u00f6re: \u201cBiyolojik g\u00f6stergelerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan holesen \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok net bir \u015fekilde a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir noktaya ula\u015ft\u0131k. \u015eimdi benzeri olmayan bir d\u00fcnyada ya\u015f\u0131yoruz\u201d. [Steffen, vd., \u201cThe Trajectory of the Anthropocene,\u201d s. 91]<\/p>\n
Burada bahis konusu olan insan toplumu ile do\u011fal d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkide niteliksel bir de\u011fi\u015fimdir.<\/p>\n
Sermayenin zaman\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 do\u011fan\u0131n zaman\u0131<\/h3>\n
250-300 sene \u00f6ncesine kadar \u00fcretimin neredeyse t\u00fcm\u00fc kullan\u0131m i\u00e7indi, bug\u00fcn anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z t\u00fcrden ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye olanak yoktu. Ancak kapitalizmde \u00fcretimin \u00e7o\u011fu de\u011fi\u015f-toku\u015f i\u00e7in; sermaye, eme\u011fi ve do\u011fay\u0131, mallar\u0131 \u00fcretim maliyetinden fazlaya satarak daha fazla sermaye biriktirmek i\u00e7in s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n
K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir az\u0131nl\u0131k kar \u00fcreten zenginli\u011fin neredeyse hepsine sahip, insanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu ya\u015famak i\u00e7in bu az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n emrinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar kendilerine \u00f6denenden daha fazla zenginlik \u00fcretiyor, sermaye bu kar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcne ya da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131na alarak b\u00fcy\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n
D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli ya da daha \u00e7ekici \u00fcr\u00fcnlere sahip bir \u015firket, rakiplerini iflasa s\u00fcr\u00fckleyebiliyor. Bu durum t\u00fcm \u015firketler \u00fczerinde verimlili\u011fi art\u0131rma, maliyeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme ya da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini daha sat\u0131labilir hale getirme konusunda kar\u015f\u0131 konulmaz bir bas\u0131n\u00e7 yarat\u0131yor. Bu, sistemin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc fiziksel, finansal ve co\u011frafi olarak geni\u015flemeye zorluyor.<\/p>\n
Sermayenin tek ba\u015far\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc birikimdir. Birikim i\u00e7in birikim g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fc, insanlara ve do\u011faya ne kadar zarar verdi\u011fine ald\u0131r\u0131\u015f etmiyor; hastal\u0131k yaymadan, soludu\u011fumuz oksijeni \u00fcreten ormanlar\u0131 yok etmeden, eko-sistemi yok etmeden, suyumuzu, havam\u0131z\u0131 ve topra\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 end\u00fcstriyel at\u0131klar\u0131 elden \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in la\u011f\u0131m olarak kullanmadan \u00fcretim yapam\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck kirletici \u015firketlerin tepesindeki insanlara sorsak tabi ki \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n, torunlar\u0131n\u0131n temiz ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir d\u00fcnyada ya\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 istediklerini s\u00f6yleyeceklerdir. Ancak y\u00f6neticiler ve sermayedarlar Marx\u2019\u0131n ifade etti\u011fi gibi \u201csermayenin ki\u015file\u015fmi\u015f halleri\u201d olarak hareket ediyorlar. Onlar, evlerindeki sevdiklerine nas\u0131l davrand\u0131klar\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak i\u015f yerinde insan formundaki sermayelerdir ve sermayenin gereklerini t\u00fcm di\u011fer ihtiya\u00e7 ve de\u011ferlerin \u00fcst\u00fcnde tutarlar. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n gelece\u011fini korumakla karlar\u0131 maksimize etmek aras\u0131nda bir se\u00e7im yapmak zorunda kald\u0131klar\u0131nda kar\u0131 tercih ediyorlar. Sermayenin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ncelik etmekte istekli olmayan\u0131n y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7inde yeri yoktur; bu konuda bilin\u00e7 geli\u015ftirdi\u011finde de o pozisyonda fazla kalamaz.<\/p>\n
Marx ve Engels\u2019in Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto\u2019da yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi: \u201c\u00dcretimin s\u00fcrekli alt \u00fcst olu\u015fu, b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumsal durumlar\u0131n m\u00fctemadiyen sars\u0131lmas\u0131, ebed\u00ee g\u00fcvensizlik ve hareket, burjuva \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6ncellerinden ay\u0131rt eder. B\u00fct\u00fcn yerle\u015fik k\u00fcflenmi\u015f ili\u015fkiler, pe\u015flerinde s\u00fcr\u00fckledikleri a\u011farm\u0131\u015f tasavvurlarla ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerle beraber \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr, yeni kurulanlar daha kemikle\u015femeden eskirler. Kat\u0131 olan ve duran her \u015fey buharla\u015f\u0131r, kutsal olan her \u015fey kutsiyetinden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.\u201d [Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels, \u201cKom\u00fcnist Manifesto\u201d, \u0130leti\u015fim yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s.56]<\/p>\n
E\u011fer durduramazsak sermaye geni\u015flemek i\u00e7in \u00e7aba sarf etmeye devam edecek. Ancak d\u00fcnya sonsuz de\u011fil. Atmosfer, okyanuslar ve ormanlar \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck, ancak nihai olarak sonlu, kaynaklar s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ve kapitalizm bu limitleri zorluyor.<\/p>\n
Tabi ki kapitalizmin b\u00fcy\u00fcme ihtiyac\u0131 onun her zaman b\u00fcy\u00fcyebilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmiyor. Aksine, b\u00fcy\u00fcme g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fc periyodik olarak sat\u0131labilece\u011finden daha fazla meta \u00fcretildi\u011fi durumlara yol a\u00e7\u0131yor. Ya\u015fanan krizler sonucunda \u015firketlerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 iflas ederken \u00f6nemli miktarda zenginlik yok oluyor. Uzun d\u00f6nemde daha fazla birikim i\u00e7in kar g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fc kapitalist sistemin belirleyici y\u00f6n\u00fc ve k\u00fcresel \u00e7evre krizinin temel nedenidir.<\/p>\n
Kapitalist \u00fcretim n\u00fcfusu b\u00fcy\u00fck merkezlerde topluyor ve kentsel n\u00fcfusun giderek artmas\u0131yla insan ve d\u00fcnya aras\u0131ndaki metabolik etkile\u015fimi bozuyor. Kapitalist tar\u0131m, kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in g\u0131da \u00fcretmek yerine sat\u0131\u015f ve kar i\u00e7in \u00fcretim yap\u0131yor. Tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u015fehirlere g\u00f6nderiliyor, ancak insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n at\u0131klar\u0131 topra\u011fa d\u00f6nm\u00fcyor. Temel yap\u0131 maddeleri ba\u015fka yere d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcyor ve \u00e7evre kirletici maddeler haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n
Sava\u015f, kapitalizm ve kriz<\/h3>\n
1800\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren kapitalizmin geli\u015fimine giderek artan \u015fekilde fosil yak\u0131tlara ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131 damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurdu. Ancak ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin h\u0131z\u0131 ve de\u011fi\u015fimi 1930\u2019lar\u0131n B\u00fcy\u00fck Bunal\u0131m\u0131 ile yava\u015flad\u0131 ve daha sonras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ile sekteye u\u011frad\u0131. Kapitalizmin en k\u00f6t\u00fc bunal\u0131m\u0131 ve en y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00fcnya sistemini yeni ve tehlikeli bir d\u00f6neme iten ekonomik ve sosyal de\u011fi\u015fimlere zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p>\n
T\u0131pk\u0131 birincisi ve di\u011fer pek \u00e7ok sava\u015f gibi rakip emperyalist \u00fclkelerin k\u00fcresel hegemonya h\u0131rslar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kan \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda insanl\u0131k \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir vah\u015fetle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131: Alt\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde 60 milyon asker ve sivil sava\u015f ya da soyk\u0131r\u0131mlarda, 20 milyon insan a\u00e7l\u0131k ve hastal\u0131klar nedeniyle \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n
\u00c7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda orman, milyonlarca hektarl\u0131k ekilebilir arazi, milyonlarca dolar de\u011ferinde fabrika y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Japonya ve Avrupa\u2019da \u015fehirler yerle bir edildi.<\/p>\n
1945\u2019in a\u011fustos ay\u0131nda iki k\u0131sac\u0131k anda o zamana kadar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 silahla 100 binden fazla insan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, say\u0131s\u0131z insan da yava\u015f yava\u015f \u00f6l\u00fcme mahkum edildiler. Sava\u015f bitti\u011finde Avrupa, Asya ve Afrika y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ekonomileri ve fiziksel altyap\u0131lar\u0131 yok edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
Sava\u015f\u0131n tek kazanan\u0131 olan ABD, bu s\u00fcre\u00e7ten fiziksel olarak yara almadan ekonomik olarak her zamankinden daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Sava\u015f \u00fcretimi \u00fclkenin GSMH\u2019sini neredeyse iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131, d\u00fcnya end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretiminin neredeyse \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi yeni k\u00fcresel hegemonyan\u0131n merkezi ABD\u2019de yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131. [Chris Harman, \u201cHalklar\u0131n D\u00fcnya Tarihi\u201d, Yordam Kitap]<\/p>\n
1994\u2019te John Bellamy Foster daha sonralar\u0131 \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck H\u0131zlanma\u201d diye adland\u0131r\u0131lacak olan sosyal ve ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fimlerin marksist bir analizine \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti: \u201c1945\u2019ten sonraki d\u00f6nemde d\u00fcnya, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ekonomik faaliyetlerinin d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki temel ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 tamamen yeni yollardan etkilemeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gezegensel krizin yeni bir a\u015famas\u0131na girdi\u201d. [John Bellamy Foster, \u201cSavunmas\u0131z Gezegen\u201d, Epos Yay\u0131nlar\u0131]<\/p>\n
Foster, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cy\u0131k\u0131m d\u00fczeyinde niteliksel bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmd\u00fc\u201d diye yazar. [John Bellamy Foster, \u201cEmperyalizmin Yeniden Ke\u015ffi\u201d, Devin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131]<\/p>\n
Patricia Hynes 2015\u2019te yay\u0131nlanan \u0130klim ve Kapitalizm kitab\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u201cModern sava\u015f ve militarizm do\u011fa ve ya\u015fam \u00e7evremizde \u015fok edici bir etkiye sahip: Kullan\u0131lan silah \u00e7e\u015fitleri (uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc patlay\u0131c\u0131lar, zehirli kimyasallar ve radyasyon), \u2018\u015fok ve deh\u015fet\u2019 temelli end\u00fcstriyel sava\u015f\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu, do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc ve militarizmi desteklemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan fosil yak\u0131tlar. 1990\u2019a kadar yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar d\u00fcnyadaki askeri faaliyetlerin karbondioksit sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131, ozon tabakas\u0131n\u0131n incelmesi, kirli hava, asit formunda kimyasallar dahil olmak \u00fczere k\u00fcresel hava kirlili\u011fine katk\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 5-10 d\u00fczeyinde oldu\u011funu hesaplad\u0131. Almanya Starnberg Bar\u0131\u015f Politikalar\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc raporuna g\u00f6re \u201ct\u00fcm k\u00fcresel \u00e7evresel bozulman\u0131n y\u00fczde 20\u2019si askeri ve ilgili faaliyetler nedeniyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor.\u201d [Custers, \u201cQuestioning Globalized Militarism,\u201d s. 12]<\/p>\n
Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 plastik \u00fcretimi 1939\u2019da 100 bin tondan 1953\u2019te 1,3, 1964\u2019te 15, 2014\u2019te 311 milyon tona \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. E\u011fer bu e\u011filim devam ederse d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde 2035\u2019e kadar iki kat\u0131na ve 2050\u2019de tekrar iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kacak. Sanayi, k\u00fcresel petrol \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde alt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131yor ve i\u015fler b\u00f6yle devam ederse y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar y\u00fczde 20\u2019ye y\u00fckselecek.<\/p>\n
Plastik kullan\u0131m\u0131nda t\u00fcm \u00fcretimin y\u00fczde 26\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 paketleme olu\u015fturuyor; \u00fcr\u00fcnler at\u0131lmak \u00fczere dizayn ediliyor ve asla ortadan kaybolmayacak materyallerden yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Ye\u015file boyamalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen plastik paketlerin sadece y\u00fczde 14\u2019\u00fc geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm i\u00e7in toplanmakta ve bunun sadece \u00fc\u00e7te biri, \u00fcretimin y\u00fczde 5\u2019i ger\u00e7ekten geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Y\u00fczde 14 yak\u0131l\u0131yor, y\u00fczde 40 kat\u0131 at\u0131k sahas\u0131na gidiyor ve y\u00fczde 32\u2019si \u00e7evreye at\u0131k olarak d\u00f6n\u00fcyor. Davos raporu bug\u00fcn okyanuslarda 150 milyon tondan fazla plastik oldu\u011funu ve 2050\u2019ye kadar okyanuslardaki plastiklerin bal\u0131klar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcnden daha a\u011f\u0131r gelece\u011fini hesaplad\u0131. Ayn\u0131 rapora g\u00f6re \u201ce\u011fer plastik kullan\u0131m\u0131ndaki \u015fu anki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fcme beklendi\u011fi gibi devam ederse bug\u00fcn y\u00fczde 1 olan sera gaz\u0131 emisyonu 2050\u2019ye kadar k\u00fcresel y\u0131ll\u0131k karbon b\u00fct\u00e7esinin y\u00fczde 15\u2019ini olu\u015fturacak\u201d.<\/p>\n
Fosil kapitalizm<\/h3>\n
D\u00fcnya sistemini antropesene iten t\u00fcm de\u011fi\u015fimlerin as\u0131l nedeni fosil kapitalizmin katlanarak b\u00fcy\u00fcmesidir.<\/p>\n
Andreas Malm, fosil sermaye hakk\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cEnerji, burjuva m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinin temelidir\u201d. Di\u011fer materyaller spesifik metalar i\u00e7inde i\u00e7erilmi\u015f olsa da – ayakkab\u0131da deri, tekstilde ham pamuk vs.- k\u00f6m\u00fcr, petrol, ve gaz \u201cmeta \u00fcretim spektrumu boyunca kullan\u0131l\u0131r\u201d. Fosil yak\u0131tlar \u201cart\u0131-de\u011fer \u00fcretiminin genel kald\u0131rac\u0131d\u0131r\u201d. [Malm, \u201cFossil Capital\u201d, s. 288]<\/p>\n
1800\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131ndan bu yana kapitalizmin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ile sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f o kadar s\u0131k\u0131 oldu ki Malm bunun bir genel yasa oldu\u011funu iddia ediyor: \u201cSermaye nereye gitse onun pe\u015fini emisyonlar takip ediyor…. K\u00fcresel sermaye g\u00fc\u00e7lendik\u00e7e karbondioksit sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131nda dizginsiz bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme ya\u015fan\u0131yor\u201d. [Malm, \u201cFossil Capital\u201d, s. 353]<\/p>\n
Fosil yak\u0131tlar g\u0131da, giyim, konut, \u0131s\u0131nma, ila\u00e7, ula\u015f\u0131m, ileti\u015fim, e\u011flence ve \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 tedarik ediyor. Fosil yak\u0131tlar sisteme dokunmadan kapitalizmden s\u00f6k\u00fcp at\u0131lacak bir \u00fcst kaplama de\u011fil. Sistemin her alan\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde karbon temelli enerji sistem i\u00e7inde t\u00fcm \u00fcretim ve yeniden \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin merkezinde yer al\u0131yor. Petrol-k\u00f6m\u00fcr ekonomisinden kopmak bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc, yani \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ve ondan kaynaklanan \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin tamamen yeniden bi\u00e7imlenmesini gerektiriyor. [Chris Harman, \u201cZombi Kapitalizm\u201d, Marx-21 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131]<\/p>\n
Hepimiz ayn\u0131 gemide de\u011filiz<\/h3>\n
2015\u2019te yap\u0131lan hesaplamalara g\u00f6re d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun en zengin y\u00fczde 1\u2019i toplam n\u00fcfusun %99\u2019u kadar zenginli\u011fe sahip ve 62 ki\u015fi en yoksul \u00fc\u00e7 bu\u00e7uk milyardan daha zengin. [Fuentes-Nievaet et al., \u201cWorking for the Few,\u201d s. 2]<\/p>\n
\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 meteorolojik olaylardan \u00f6lenlerin aras\u0131nda milyarderler yok, \u015firket y\u00f6neticileri s\u0131\u011f\u0131naklarda ya\u015fam\u0131yor, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 maln\u00fctrisyondan (beslenme yetersizli\u011fi) \u00f6lm\u00fcyor. K\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde ma\u011fdurlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu yoksul ve dezavantajl\u0131. Hava durumundan kaynakl\u0131 afetlerde can kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 99\u2019u geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde ve y\u00fczde 75\u2019i kad\u0131n. [Global Humanitarian Forum, \u201cHuman Impact Report\u201d, s. 60, 62]<\/p>\n
Bug\u00fcn her sekiz ki\u015fiden biri ak\u015fam yata\u011fa a\u00e7 giriyor ve \u00e7ocuklar \u00f6ncelikli olarak ma\u011fdur oluyorlar. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019in Haziran 2016 Raporu\u2019na g\u00f6re 19 milyon ki\u015fi iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi nedeni ile g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kald\u0131. Yerinden zorla edilmi\u015f insan say\u0131s\u0131 65,3 milyon. Her 122 ki\u015fiden 1\u2019i m\u00fclteci konumunda. 2016\u2019da Akdeniz\u2019de \u00f6len ya da kaybolan ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 5 bini, 2017\u2019de 3 bini ge\u00e7ti. 2018 May\u0131s ay\u0131na gelindi\u011finde ise bu say\u0131 600\u2019den fazlayd\u0131. [Cem Terzi, \u201cBar\u0131\u015f Zaman\u0131\u201d, Marx-21 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s. 19]<\/p>\n
Ekolojik toplum<\/h3>\n
Kapitalizm ger\u00e7ek bir ekolojik uygarl\u0131kla ba\u011fda\u015fm\u0131yor. Ekonominin kar de\u011fil insan i\u00e7in organize edildi\u011fi ve iktidar\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir az\u0131nl\u0131kta de\u011fil b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu bir topluma ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var. Bu hedefin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in ekonomik alanda yat\u0131r\u0131m ve \u00fcretim hedeflerinin kolektif olarak belirlenmesi; hem karar alma organlar\u0131n\u0131n demokratikle\u015ftirmesi hem de \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kolektifle\u015ftirilmesi gerekiyor.<\/p>\n
Sadece kolektif karar alma organlar\u0131 ve \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc sosyal ve do\u011fal sistemlerimizin dengesi ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi i\u00e7in gereken uzun d\u00f6nemli perspektifi sunabilir.<\/p>\n
N\u00fcfusun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun aktif deste\u011fine dayal\u0131 ekolojist bir programla sosyal ve politik yap\u0131lar\u0131n radikal de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcreci devrimci bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc gerektiriyor. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin, topraks\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ve i\u015fsizlerin sosyal adalet i\u00e7in emek m\u00fccadelesi ile \u00e7evresel adalet i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele birbirinden ayr\u0131lamaz. Sosyal ve ekolojik olarak s\u00f6m\u00fcren ve kirleten kapitalizm, do\u011fa ve eme\u011fin ortak d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Gelecek s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir toplum i\u00e7in radikal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm \u00f6nerilerimiz:<\/p>\n
Enerji sisteminde karbon temelli yak\u0131tlar ve bio-yak\u0131tlar yerine toplumun kontrol\u00fcnde temiz enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n (r\u00fczgar, jeotermal, dalga ve hepsinden \u00f6nemlisi g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi) kullan\u0131lmas\u0131;<\/p>\n
Ula\u015f\u0131m sisteminde \u00f6zel kamyon ve arabalar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda azaltarak yerine \u00fccretsiz ve i\u015flevsel kamusal ula\u015f\u0131m sisteminin kurulmas\u0131;<\/p>\n
Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcretimde israf, planl\u0131 eskime, rekabet, kirlili\u011fe dayal\u0131 t\u00fcketim ve in\u015faat modelleri yerine sadece s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebilir \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u00fcretmek ve ye\u015fil yap\u0131lar in\u015fa eden \u00fcretim modelleri uygulamak;<\/p>\n
G\u0131da \u00fcretimi ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131nda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca yerel g\u0131dan\u0131n egemenli\u011fini savunmak, kirletici end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m ticaretini yok ederek tar\u0131m eko-sistemleri yaratmak ve toprak verimlili\u011fini yenilemek.<\/p>\n
\u201cTemiz kapitalizm\u201d hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7 bir ill\u00fczyona kap\u0131lmadan iktidardaki h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri, \u015firketleri, uluslararas\u0131 kurumlar\u0131 baz\u0131 temel, ama zorunlu de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri yapmaya zorlamal\u0131y\u0131z. S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir toplumu teorik ve pratik olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken \u015fimdi somut ve acil reformlar i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etmeliyiz.<\/p>\n
\u0130htiyac\u0131m\u0131z olan \u00e7o\u011funluk hareketi<\/h3>\n
Barry Commoner\u2019in s\u00f6zleriyle \u201cmevcut \u00fcretim sistemi kendi kendine zarar verici, mevcut insan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n gidi\u015fat\u0131 intihara e\u011filimli\u201d. [Barry Commoner, \u201cThe Closing Circle\u201d, s. 297]<\/p>\n
Kapitalist sistemi sonland\u0131rarak kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretecek kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bug\u00fcn, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan her yerde ekolojik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri zorlamak i\u00e7in muhalif bir g\u00fc\u00e7 in\u015fa etmeliyiz.<\/p>\n
Ekolojik uygarl\u0131k kendili\u011finden olmayacak, ancak kararl\u0131 ve konsantre bir de\u011fi\u015fim hareketi ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. Sermaye halen iktidardayken m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan her de\u011fi\u015fimi ba\u015farmak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 ve bilin\u00e7li bir \u015fekilde gelecekte sermayeyi devirmek i\u00e7in \u00f6n haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yapan bir hareket in\u015fa etmeliyiz.<\/p>\n
Ekolojik de\u011fi\u015fim k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir az\u0131nl\u0131kla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilemez. \u0130yi niyetli de olsalar politikac\u0131lar ya da b\u00fcrokratlar taraf\u0131ndan yukar\u0131dan dayat\u0131lamaz. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun aktif kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 gerekiyor. Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc s\u00f6z\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu gibi \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kurtulu\u015fu kendi eseri olacakt\u0131r\u201d. [Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels, \u201cKom\u00fcnist Manifesto\u201d, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131]<\/p>\n
Ye\u015fil Sol hareketin in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in hareket ve \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcm\u00fcz i\u00e7inde \u00e7o\u011fulcu ve farkl\u0131 fikirlere a\u00e7\u0131k olmal\u0131y\u0131z. Birlik, farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden gelmek ya da bast\u0131rmak de\u011fildir. Birle\u015fmek deyince ortak hedefler etraf\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6znelerin bir araya gelmesinden bahsediyoruz. \u201cTek tip\u201d, \u201chomojen\u201d de\u011fil her grubun farkl\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerini temel alarak ortak hareket edebiliriz.<\/p>\n
Ye\u015fil Sol program kim oldu\u011fumuzu tan\u0131ml\u0131yor ve birlikte durmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor. \u00c7ok a\u00e7\u0131k ki bir \u00e7ok konuda farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz ve tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7ok sert ge\u00e7iyor. Ancak ye\u015fil olmadan sol, sol olmadan ye\u015fil olunamayaca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yorsak bizi birle\u015ftiren \u015feyler, farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131zdan daha \u00f6nemli.<\/p>\n
Analizlerimizi ve program\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fen politik ko\u015fullar ve bilimsel bilgiler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli g\u00fcncellemek zorunday\u0131z. Analizlerimiz bize de\u011fi\u015fmez yan\u0131tlar de\u011fil bir metod sunuyor. Sosyal, politik, ekonomik ve \u00e7evresel de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin ve e\u011filimlerin somut tahlilini s\u00fcrekli yapmak zorunday\u0131z. Aktif g\u00f6zlemlerimiz ve analizlerimiz olmaks\u0131z\u0131n Ye\u015fil Sol siyaset de\u011fi\u015ftirmek zorunda oldu\u011fumuz d\u00fcnyada anlams\u0131z kalacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Eko-sistemin ulusal s\u0131n\u0131r alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnyam\u0131zda enternasyonalist ve anti-emperyalist olmak zorunday\u0131z. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine ulusal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yoktur. Her \u00fclkede gerekli kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlemler i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etmeli, ancak uluslararas\u0131 bir de\u011fi\u015fimle kazanabilece\u011fimizin fark\u0131nda olmal\u0131y\u0131z. Uluslararas\u0131 ileti\u015fim, i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve dayan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde olmak zorunday\u0131z.<\/p>\n
Hedefimiz, sera gazlar\u0131n\u0131n emisyonunu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veya barajlara, termik veya n\u00fckleer santrallere kar\u015f\u0131 kendi ya\u015fam alan\u0131n\u0131 korumak isteyen herkesi bir araya getirmek olmal\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131smi m\u00fccadelelerdeki kazan\u0131mlar\u0131m\u0131z b\u00fcy\u00fck hedefler i\u00e7in g\u00fcven kazanmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Antonio Gramsci\u2019nin \u201cbilincin k\u00f6t\u00fcmserli\u011fi, iradenin iyimserli\u011fi\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc ekolojik y\u0131k\u0131m d\u00f6neminde yolumuza \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutuyor. Y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n olas\u0131l\u0131klar dahilinde oldu\u011funu biliyoruz, ancak umutsuzlu\u011fa teslim olmay\u0131 reddediyoruz. M\u00fccadele edersek kaybedebiliriz; ama m\u00fccadele etmezsek kesinlikle kaybedece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n
\n
K\u00fcresel \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi: En kritik 20 Y\u0131l<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Ye\u015filler ve Sol Gelecek Partisi Ola\u011fan B\u00fcy\u00fck Kongre Bilg<\/b><\/span>i Notu<\/b><\/span><\/span> <\/b><\/p>\n \u0130nsan faaliyetleri sonucu atmosferde biriken ba\u015fta CO<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> olmak \u00fczere<\/span><\/span> sera gazlar\u0131 nedeniyle D\u00fcnya daha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir h\u0131zda \u0131s\u0131n\u0131yor.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Atmosferdeki CO<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> miktar\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 do\u011fal bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak D\u00fcnya birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz bin y\u0131lda buz devri ile s\u0131cak d\u00f6nemler aras\u0131nda gidip geldi. Ancak bunlar uzun bir zaman dilimine yay\u0131lan ve yava\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen de\u011fi\u015fimlerdi. Son 200 y\u0131lda ise buz devri ile s\u0131cak d\u00f6nemler aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 olu\u015fturan CO<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> miktar\u0131ndan daha fazlas\u0131 insan faaliyetleri sonucu atmosferde birikmi\u015f durumda.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n D\u00fcnya halihaz\u0131rda sanayi \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6neme g\u00f6re ortalama <\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C \u0131s\u0131nm\u0131\u015f durumda. K\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin etkilerini artan ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 hava olaylar\u0131, kurakl\u0131k ve seller, orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cak g\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131 ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da kara ve okyanus ekosistemindeki de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle \u015fimdiden ya\u015famaya ba\u015flad\u0131k. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz ekim ay\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan son IPCC (H\u00fck\u00fcmetleraras\u0131 \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Paneli) raporunda ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve devam eden emisyonlar nedeniyle insan k\u00f6kenli k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n on y\u0131lda 0.2<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C’lik art\u0131\u015fa neden olaca\u011f\u0131 ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma mevcut oranda y\u00fckselmeye devam ederse 2030-2052 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda (sanayi \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6neme g\u00f6re) 1.5<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C’ye ula\u015faca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Oysa Paris \u0130klim Anla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n hedefi k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmay\u0131 bu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda 2<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C’de, m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse 1.5<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C’de tutmakt\u0131. \u00dcstelik daha \u00f6nceki genel kabule kar\u015f\u0131n k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmay\u0131 2<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C’de tutma hedefi de yeterli olmayabilir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n 0.5<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/b><\/span><\/span>C \u00c7ok \u015eey Farkettiriyor<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n 0.5<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir fark gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyebilir, ancak burada bahsedilen t\u00fcm bir gezegenin \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131. IPCC raporuna g\u00f6re bu 0.5<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C canl\u0131lar\u0131n ve do\u011fan\u0131n k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine adaptasyonu, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin etkilerinin hafifletilmesi ve geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck fark yarat\u0131yor. Gelecekte kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 tehlikeler \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131na, ula\u015faca\u011f\u0131 tepe noktaya ve s\u00fcresine ba\u011fl\u0131.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Rapora g\u00f6re: <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n – B\u00f6lgesel ve mevsimsel olarak \u0131s\u0131nma y\u0131ll\u0131k k\u00fcresel ortalamalar\u0131n \u00fczerinde ya\u015fan\u0131yor. 1.5<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C’lik k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmada orta enlemlerde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cak g\u00fcnler 3<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C, y\u00fcksek enlemlerde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 so\u011fuk geceler 4.5<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C kadar \u0131s\u0131nacak. 2<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C’lik k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmada ise bu de\u011ferler s\u0131ras\u0131yla 4<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C ve 6<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C d\u00fczeyinde.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n – K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n 1.5<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C’de s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 2100 y\u0131l\u0131nda deniz seviyesinin 2<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C’ye g\u00f6re 10 cm daha az y\u00fckselmesini sa\u011flayacak. Bu deniz seviyesinin y\u00fckselmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 risklerden 2010 y\u0131l\u0131 n\u00fcfusuna g\u00f6re 10 milyondan daha az insan\u0131n etkilenmesi anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n – Kuzey Kutbu yazlar\u0131nda Kuzey Buz Denizi \u00fczerindeki buzullar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n erimesinin k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n 1.5<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C’de tutulmas\u0131 halinde y\u00fczy\u0131lda bir ya\u015fanaca\u011f\u0131, 2<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C’de ise bu riskin en az on y\u0131lda bire \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6n g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n – K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmada 1.5<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C’lik art\u0131\u015f sonucu incelenen 105 bin t\u00fcrden b\u00f6ceklerin %6’s\u0131, bitkilerin %8’i ve omurgal\u0131 canl\u0131lar\u0131n %4’\u00fc ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 kaybedecek. Bu oranlar 2<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C’de b\u00f6cekler i\u00e7in %18, bitkiler i\u00e7in %16 ve omurgal\u0131 canl\u0131lar i\u00e7in %8’e \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n – K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmada 2<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C’lik art\u0131\u015f gezegenin 12’de biri ile 5’te biri aras\u0131 bir b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte ye\u015fil alan\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fmesi, mercanlar\u0131n %99’unun yok olmas\u0131, fazladan 450 milyon insan\u0131n d\u00fczenli olarak a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131caklar\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131nda kalmas\u0131, y\u00fcz milyonlarca insan\u0131n iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmesi anlam\u0131na geliyor. K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n 1.5<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C’de s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ekolojik dengenin zaman i\u00e7inde yeniden kurulabilmesi, kimi t\u00fcrlerin yok olma s\u00fcrecinin geriye \u00e7evrilmesi ve mercanlar\u0131n yeniden canland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n K\u00fcresel Is\u0131nmay\u0131 1.5<\/b><\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/b><\/span><\/span>C’de S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmak M\u00fcmk\u00fcn M\u00fc?<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n K\u00f6t\u00fc haber ranta ve k\u00e2ra dayal\u0131 bir sistemde k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u015fimdiye kadar yap\u0131lanlar\u0131n k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmay\u0131 1.5<\/span><\/span>\u2070<\/span><\/span>C’de tutman\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131ndan bile ge\u00e7medi\u011fi, iyi haberse mevcut teknoloji d\u00fczeyiyle bile bunun hala m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmas\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in k\u00fcresel net insan k\u00f6kenli CO<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> emisyonunun 2010 y\u0131l\u0131 seviyesine g\u00f6re %45 oran\u0131nda azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve 2050 y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda s\u0131f\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gerekiyor. Yani enerji kullan\u0131m\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 azaltmal\u0131 ve enerji ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n CO<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> emisyonu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeyen yenilenebilir enerjiden sa\u011flamal\u0131y\u0131z. Bu enerji ve sanayi \u00fcretimi, ula\u015f\u0131m, tar\u0131m ve \u015fehirle\u015fme y\u00f6ntemlerimizde yani ekonomimizde \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 ve radikal bir de\u011fi\u015fimi ve bu de\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7in \u015firketlere ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetlere bask\u0131 yapacak kolektif bir m\u00fccadeleyi gerektiriyor.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n https:\/\/www.campaigncc.org\/sites\/data\/files\/Docs\/one_million_climate_jobs_2014.pdf<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n http:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/pdf\/special-reports\/sr15\/sr15_spm_final.pdf<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/turkce\/haberler-dunya-45938984<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n
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