{"id":344,"date":"2014-06-10T16:44:21","date_gmt":"2014-06-10T13:44:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/marx-21.net\/?page_id=344"},"modified":"2014-06-10T16:45:56","modified_gmt":"2014-06-10T13:45:56","slug":"abdde-isgal-et-hareketi-ve-sinif-politikasi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/?page_id=344","title":{"rendered":"ABD’de “\u0130\u015fgal Et” Hareketi ve S\u0131n\u0131f Politikas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"
Megan Trudell<\/strong><\/em><\/pre>\n
2011 Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda New York’ta ba\u015flayan ve h\u0131zla \u00fclke geneline yay\u0131lan \u0130\u015f\u00adgal Et eylemleri ABD’deki de\u011fi\u015fen politik atmosferi yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r.1<\/sup> Obama’n\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesinden ve Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilerin ciddi yenilgisinden yaln\u0131zca iki sene sonra, 2011’de \u00c7ay Partisi’nin y\u00fckseli\u015fi sa\u011f\u0131n yeniden dirili\u015fi anlam\u0131na geliyordu.<\/p>\n
Thomas Frank k\u0131smen hareketi de anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni \u00e7\u0131kan kitab\u0131nda ABD “yeni sa\u011f\u0131na” a\u011f\u0131r ele\u015ftirilerde bulunuyor ve muhafazakar kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n Demokrat Par- ti’nin dolduramad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ideolojik bo\u015fluklardan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespitini yap\u0131yor: “Pi\u00adyasalardaki durgunluk ve kurtarma operasyonlar\u0131 Jackson gelene\u011finin, eski usul felaket tellallar\u0131n\u0131n, yozla\u015fma ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcye \u00f6fkeli Jeremiahlar\u0131n pop\u00fclizmi i\u00e7in m\u00fc\u00adkemmel bir ortam yaratt\u0131.”2<\/sup> Daha \u00f6ncesinde, kurtarma operasyonlar\u0131 ile krizin ABD toplumunda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6fke ve hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00c7ay Par\u00adtisi taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Her ne kadar ABD sermayesi h\u00fck\u00fcmete ve g\u00f6\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131 \u00c7ay Partisi’nden farkl\u0131 bir tutuma sahip de\u011filse de bu \u00f6fke b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye i\u00e7in de meseleyi sa\u011f politikalar eksenine kayd\u0131rma f\u0131rsat\u0131 yaratt\u0131 ve ABD orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7indeki yabanc\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n ve tedirginli\u011fin bir ifadesi oldu. \u00c7ay Parti\u00adsi’nin kendisini “halka yak\u0131n” bir hareket olarak tariflemesi Wisconsin valisi Scott Walker gibi i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na ve sosyal refah d\u00fczenine sald\u0131ran politikac\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6rmez\u00adden gelinmesine neden oldu.3<\/sup><\/p>\n
Yeni do\u011fmu\u015f antikapitalist hareket ABD toplumundaki e\u015fitsizli\u011fe ve h\u00fck\u00fc\u00admetin krize ili\u015fkin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015f ayn\u0131 \u00f6fkeye ve hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ter\u00adc\u00fcman oldu ancak bu yeni hareket orta s\u0131n\u0131f eylemlili\u011fini temsil etmedi, aksine kendisini ABD \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fundaki ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fun ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z d\u0131\u015fa vurumu olarak \u00f6r- g\u00fctledi. Sloganlar\u0131, s\u00f6ylemleri ve eylemleri milyonlar\u0131n hayal g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yakalad\u0131 ve daha geleneksel m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemlerine al\u0131\u015f\u0131k olan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 etkisi alt\u0131na al\u00add\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fgal Et eylemlerinin k\u00f6keni 90’lar\u0131n sonunda ABD’de y\u00fckselen antikapita- list harekete dayan\u0131yor. “Teamster-Turtle” birli\u011fi i\u015f\u00e7ileri ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da aktivisti Se- attle’da 1999’da D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc’ne kar\u015f\u0131 bir araya getirmi\u015f ve d\u00fcnya genelinde kapitalizmin \u00f6nceliklerine ve etkilerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan bir hareketi tetikle- mi\u015fti. Bu hareket ABD’de 9\/11 d\u00f6nemi ve sonras\u0131nda Bush h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Irak ile Afganistan’a kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sava\u015flarla birlikte ciddi bir \u015fekilde k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Hareke\u00adtin i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00f6\u011fesi (o d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in eylemlerde i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ABD’nin m\u00fc\u00adcadele tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc ifade ediyordu) demokrat kanad\u0131n ihanetleriyle, sa\u011f kanat Cumhuriyet\u00e7i s\u00f6ylemlerle ve muhafazakar ve pasif sen\u00addika yap\u0131lar\u0131yla odak de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Fakat derin ekonomik kriz, bu krizin ABD i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131\u00adn\u0131f\u0131 ve toplumun %99’u \u00fczerindeki etkisi kapitalizme kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok daha ate\u015fli, genel bir eylemlili\u011fin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n zeminini haz\u0131rlad\u0131 ve \u0130\u015fgal Et hareketine inan\u0131lmaz bir enerji, canl\u0131l\u0131k ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na ula\u015facak yani kitle direni\u015finin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015f\u00adturan bir derinlik kazand\u0131rd\u0131. \u015eubat ve Mart’ta Wisconsin’de sendika haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve hizmetlerini savunmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan kamu i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin direni\u015finde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz ken- dili\u011findenlik ve yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k hareket i\u00e7inde olu\u015ftu ve on y\u0131llard\u0131r ilk defa birle\u015ferek birbirini yeniden tan\u0131mlayabilecek ve de\u011fi\u015ftirebilecek bir yap\u0131ya b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Eylemlerin h\u0131z\u0131 ve hareketin ideolojik geli\u015fimi sebebiyle bu makalede m\u00fcm\u00adk\u00fcn olan yaln\u0131zca ABD’de s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesine do\u011fru bir de\u011fi\u015fime yol a\u00e7an \u015fart\u00adlara ve olu\u015fan bu m\u00fccadelenin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ve g\u00fcc\u00fcne dair baz\u0131 noktalar\u0131 belirtmektir. Buradaki esas arg\u00fcman ise ABD’deki mevcut durumun \u00f6neminin kesinlikle hafife al\u0131nmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fidir.<\/p>\n
Son 30 y\u0131ld\u0131r \u00fclke zenginli\u011findeki art\u0131\u015ftan hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde pay almayan ABD toplumunun y\u00fczde 99’una kar\u015f\u0131n ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde inan\u0131lmaz zenginle\u015fen n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 1 ‘i toplumdaki ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fun ve \u00f6fkenin s\u0131n\u0131fsal boyutu \u00fczerinden hare\u00adketin kendisini yeniden tan\u0131mlamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Sloganlar, derin ve gittik\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fc\u00adyen e\u015fitsizli\u011fi, en zengin kesimin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 u\u011fruna toplumun geri kalan\u0131na krizin faturas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcklendi\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fini ve krizin politik bir ara\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131larak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, devletin y\u00fczde 1 ‘lik kesimin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in kollektif demokratik protestolara kar\u015f\u0131 bask\u0131 uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade ediyordu ve bu bask\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadeleyi ate\u015flemesi gerekti\u011fini vurguluyordu.<\/p>\n
ABD’de E\u015fitsizlik<\/h5>\n
\u0130\u015fgal Et hareketinin ABD’deki temel politik ve ekonomik e\u015fitsizlik \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgulamalar zenginli\u011fin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mdaki e\u015fitsizlik, ki bu e\u015fitsizli\u011fin art\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00adnan\u0131lmaz derinle\u015fmektedir ve y\u00f6neten s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n varl\u0131kl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 toplumsalla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Mark Weisbrot, Ekonomik ve Politik Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Merkezi direkt\u00f6r\u00fc, “The Occupy Wall Street Movement: The Real Moral Majority (Wall Street’i \u0130\u015fgal Et<\/p>\n
Eylemi: Erdemli \u00c7o\u011funluk)” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda \u00c7ay Partisi’nin sa\u011f kanat pop\u00fcliz\u00adminden s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini temel alan samimi halk hareketlerine ge\u00e7i\u015fi a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fe\u00adkilde tariflemektedir:<\/p>\n
1970 ile 2007 aras\u0131nda en zengin y\u00fczde 1’lik kesim \u00fclkedeki t\u00fcm gelirin be\u015fte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcne sahip oldu. Bu be\u015fte \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck gelirin de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 y\u00fczde 1 ‘in, or\u00adtalama y\u0131ll\u0131k geliri (sermaye pay\u0131 dahil) 5.6 milyon dolar olan en zengin 10 ki\u015fi\u00adsine gitti. Bu, korkun\u00e7 bir tablodur.4<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablo bu gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Kongre B\u00fct\u00e7e B\u00fcro- su’nun a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi sava\u015f sonras\u0131 ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6neminde ABD i\u015f\u00e7ileri\u00adne maddi kazan\u00e7lar sa\u011flayan, artan \u00fcretkenlik ve artan maa\u015flar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve son 30 y\u0131ld\u0131r s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc oranlar\u0131 artmaktad\u0131r.5<\/sup> “Bir hanenin ortalama ger\u00e7ek geliri 1979-2007 aras\u0131nda n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 1 ‘ini olu\u015fturan kesimin en var\u00adl\u0131kl\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u00fczde 275 artt\u0131.<\/em>“6<\/sup> Fakat “2000-2007 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda\u00adki hanelerin enflasyon oran\u0131 uygulanarak hesaplanm\u0131\u015f medyan geliri 2000 dolar civar\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu, tipik bir i\u015f\u00e7i ailesinin d\u00f6ng\u00fcn\u00fcn sonunda ba\u015f\u0131ndan daha az gelir ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen kay\u0131tl\u0131 tek konjonkt\u00fcr dalgas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em>“7<\/sup><\/p>\n
A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablodan da g\u00f6rebilece\u011fimiz gibi 2008’de ekonomik durgunlu\u00ad\u011fun etkilerine ra\u011fmen % 1’lik en zengin kesimin ortalama geliri 1,2 milyon do\u00adlar\u0131n biraz alt\u0131ndayken, en alt kesimdeki % 90’l\u0131k kesim 31.000 dolarda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\"trudell1\"<\/a><\/p>\n
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Tablo 1: Vergi \u00f6ncesi ortalama ABD hane geliri – Kaynak: Kongre B\u00fct\u00e7e B\u00fcrosu<\/span><\/p>\n
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Durgunluk d\u00f6nemi ger\u00e7ekten de en zengin Amerikal\u0131lar’\u0131n gelirlerinde de\u00advam eden bir etki ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Fakat ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz sene boyunca gelirlerini artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 2010’un d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00e7eyre\u011finde ABD karlar\u0131 y\u00fczde 29.2 oran\u0131nda artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu art\u0131\u015f 1950’lerden beri ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f en h\u0131zl\u0131 y\u00fckseli\u015ftir. New York Ti\u00admes’da yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi 200 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firket y\u00f6neticisine \u00f6denen medyan para 9.6 mil\u00adyon dolard\u0131 ve bu 2009 senesinde paylar\u0131nda y\u00fczde 12’lik bir art\u0131\u015f demektir.<\/p>\n
CEO’lar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen \u015firketlerin hepsi olmasa da \u00e7o\u011fu ekonomik kriz d\u00f6nemindeki ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha iyi durumdad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 \u015firketler durgunluk d\u00f6\u00adneminde o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck sars\u0131nt\u0131lar ya\u015fad\u0131 ki sat\u0131\u015flardaki ve karlardaki ufac\u0131k ar\u00adt\u0131\u015flar bile olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. Fakat vergilerle finanse edilmi\u015f mali yard\u0131mlarla kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Capital One ve Goldman Sachs gibi \u015firketlerdeki CEO’lar\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 maa\u015flar da art\u0131\u015ftad\u0131r… Bu senenin listesinde en fazla kazanan CEO dokuz ayda 84.5 milyon dolar yapan Viacom y\u00f6neticisi Philippe P. Dauman’du.8<\/sup><\/p>\n
\"trudell2\"<\/a><\/p>\n
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Tablo 2: Dolar cinsinden ortalama gelir (sermaye gelirleri dahi; 2008) – Kaynak: The World Top Incomes database8<\/span><\/p>\n
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En zengin kesim daha da zenginle\u015firken, en fakir kesim daha da fakirle\u015fmi\u015f\u00adtir. N\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na dayal\u0131 Brookings Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc raporunda \u015funlar yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n
20.5 milyon Amerikal\u0131 veya ABD n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 6.7’si resmi yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 kadar veya daha az gelire sahip olarak tan\u0131mlanan en fakir kesimi\u00adni (a\u00e7l\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda ya\u015fayan kesimini) olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Derin bir yoksulluk i\u00e7erisin\u00adde ya\u015fayan bu insanlar yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan 46.2 milyonluk kesimin yar\u0131s\u0131na tekab\u00fcl eder. 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda a\u00e7l\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n anlam\u0131 bir ki\u015fi i\u00e7in 5,570 dolar veya daha az ve d\u00f6rt ki\u015filik bir aile i\u00e7in 11,157 dolar olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczde 6.7’lik kesimin pay\u0131 35 y\u0131l\u0131n en y\u00fcksek oran\u0131ndad\u0131r ve N\u00fcfus \u0130daresi 2009 ve 1993 y\u0131llar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f art\u0131\u015flar\u0131 g\u00f6lgede b\u0131rakan b\u00f6ylesi kay\u0131tlar\u0131 tutmaya devam etmektedir.9<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck ve derin yoksulluk \u00fcretimdeki azalman\u0131n sonucu olarak art\u0131k sa\u00adnayi b\u00f6lgesi olan orta bat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7erek “Sun Belt” (ABD’nin g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131) b\u00f6lgesine, Las Vegas, Riverside, Kaliforniya, Cape Coral, Florida \u015fehirlerine do\u011f\u00adru yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgedeki yoksullu\u011fun art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sebebi ise konaklama (ev) sek\u00adt\u00f6r\u00fc krizinde m\u00fclk gelirlerinin d\u00fc\u015fmesi ve in\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki i\u015f imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Resmi i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131 ulusal \u00f6l\u00e7ekte son iki bu\u00e7uk y\u0131ld\u0131r de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015f ve y\u00fcz\u00adde 9 civar\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r fakat i\u015f bulma imkan\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in veya deneyimsiz ol\u00addu\u011fu ya da kalifiye olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u015f arama umudunu yitirmi\u015f kesim ile yar\u0131 zamanl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan fakat tam zamanl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak isteyen kesimi bu orana eklersek i\u015f\u00adsizlik oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 16.5’e \u00e7\u0131kar. “BLS’ye g\u00f6re, 11.4 milyon Amerikal\u0131’n\u0131n her\u00adhangi bir geliri bulunmamaktad\u0131r, gelir vergisi \u00f6dememekte, mal ve hizmet \u00fcretimine katk\u0131da bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten de Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %15’i (45.8 milyon ki\u015fi) yemek kuponlar\u0131 ile ya\u015famaktad\u0131r<\/em>.”10<\/sup><\/p>\n
\u00c7al\u0131\u015fan kesimin ise 2011 gelirleri 1970’lerin seviyesindeyken, ge\u00e7im mali\u00adyeti (evden arabaya, \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131nda okul masraflar\u0131n kadar) ciddi bir \u015fekilde art\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Amerikan i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin bir \u015fekilde t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131n\u0131 edinmek i\u00e7in “sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131” d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi bu \u00fcr\u00fcnleri al\u0131m g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fini g\u00f6rmemektedir. Economist’in Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi:<\/p>\n
Elbette bug\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fcketim \u00fcr\u00fcnleri 1970’lere k\u0131yasla \u00e7ok daha kalitelidir ve tipik bir hane 70’lerden farkl\u0131 olarak iPod ve d\u00fcz ekran televizyon gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnlere eri\u015febilmektedir. Fakat, konaklamadan e\u011fitime kadar her \u015feyin maliyeti son on y\u0131l\u00add\u0131r artmaktad\u0131r. Reel gelir perspektifinden bakacak olursak Amerika ekonomisi kay\u0131p bir on y\u0131l ya\u015famaktad\u0131r ancak ortalama hane bir durgunluk ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131ndad\u0131r.11 <\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Hane gelirindeki durgunluk toplumun en y\u00fcksek gelirli kesimine yans\u0131mad\u0131; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Amerika toplumunun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa d\u00fc\u015fen ulusal gelir pay\u0131 1970’ler- den daha azd\u0131r. 1979-2007 aras\u0131nda en alt kesimdeki %80’lik kesimin gelir pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 10 ile 30 aras\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015fken, en zengin kesimin pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 130 oran\u0131nda artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\"trudell3\"<\/a><\/p>\n
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Tablo 3: Gelir paylar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fim (1979’a k\u0131yasla, vergi sonras\u0131 gelir) – Kaynak: Kongre B\u00fct\u00e7e B\u00fcrosu<\/span><\/p>\n
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\u0130\u015f sahibi ya da \u00f6\u011frenci olan Amerikal\u0131lar i\u00e7in reel maa\u015flar\u0131nda ve m\u00fclk de- \u011ferlerindeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f, ge\u00e7im maliyetinde ve bor\u00e7lardaki art\u0131\u015f hayatlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde da\u00adyan\u0131lmayacak bir bask\u0131 yaratmaktad\u0131r. “We Are the 99 Percent” blogundaki kay\u0131tlar insanlar\u0131n aileleri sosyal, i\u015f ve zihinsel hayatlar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki ekonomik zorlu\u011fa tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmektedir.12<\/sup> Ekonomik zorluklar\u0131n ve politik e\u015fitsizli\u011fin yarat\u00adt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6fke ve hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 orada g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini ifade eden i\u015f\u00e7i ve \u00f6\u011frencilerin ortak ruh halidir. Bu ortakl\u0131k ve ba\u011flant\u0131 bu toplumsal g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda 1960 hareketin\u00adden beri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir ili\u015fkiyi ortaya koyar.<\/p>\n
K\u0131sacas\u0131, ABD \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan d\u00fcnya zenginli\u011finin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcre\u00adterek d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomisi olarak \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve ABD kapitalizmi 25 y\u0131ld\u0131r b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fcmeye devam etti. 1945-1975 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda saat ba\u015f\u0131 \u00fccretler y\u00fczde 250 artt\u0131.13 <\/sup>\u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin hayat standartlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde iyile\u015fti \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ABD i\u015fverenleri emekli\u00adlik fonlar\u0131na, sigorta ve sa\u011fl\u0131k harcamalar\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunabiliyordu. 1960 sene\u00adsinde Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fczde 60’\u0131 kendi evine sahipti, t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimi artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7iler buzdolab\u0131, televizyon ve araba alabiliyor, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00adleri uzatabiliyordu. Bu maddi ko\u015fullar Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131’na kar\u015f\u0131 olan ve sivil hak\u00adlar i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele eden hareketlerin son derece g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve etkili de olsalar kapitalizm kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir harekete do\u011fru evrilmemesinin sebeplerini vermektedir; halk\u0131n artan \u00f6fkesi ve hareket aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131 ekonomik refah \u015fartlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde bi\u00e7imlen\u00admi\u015f ve bu ko\u015fullar sebebiyle zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.14<\/sup><\/p>\n
40 y\u0131l sonra neoliberalizm s\u0131radan Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n hayatlar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck tahri\u00adbatlar yaratt\u0131 ve ekonomik kriz 1960’larda var olan geni\u015f toplumsal hareketler ve i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fimsizli\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda y\u0131kt\u0131. ABD i\u015f\u00e7ileri hayat standart\u00adlar\u0131nda daha b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fler ya\u015fanmas\u0131n diye m\u00fccadele etmek zorunda kald\u0131. \u015eu an tan\u0131k oldu\u011fumuz m\u00fccadeledeki y\u00fckseli\u015fin sebebi de budur. Dahas\u0131 sistemin ger\u00e7ek do\u011fas\u0131 sadece kendi m\u00fccadeleleri sayesinde de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda antikapi- talist aktivistlerin fikirleri ve s\u00f6ylemleri sayesinde de a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve m\u00fccadele 1960’larda kuramad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 kurarak etki alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti.<\/p>\n
Fark\u0131ndal\u0131\u011fa Do\u011fru Ac\u0131 Bir Aray\u0131\u015f<\/h5>\n
Pasif \u00f6fke ve hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan m\u00fccadeleye ge\u00e7i\u015f Scott Walker’in tasarruf \u00f6nlemleri program\u0131na tepki olarak Mart 2011’de Wisconsin’de ba\u015flad\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r Dev- rimi’nden etkilenmi\u015f Madison kamu sekt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f toplumsal ve a\u00e7\u0131k talepleri olan bir m\u00fccadeleydi, sloganlardaki ve taleplerdeki a\u00ad\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ve do\u011frudanl\u0131k \u0130\u015fgal Et eylemlerinin dilinin belirleyicisi oldu. Wiscon- sin’deki protestolar hem krizi a\u015fma konusunda yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan konsensusu k\u0131ran ilk darbe oldu hem de \u00c7ay Partisi’nin bayat pop\u00fclizminin arkas\u0131ndaki ger\u00e7e\u011fi or\u00adtaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bu m\u00fccadele, ABD s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7in inan\u0131lmaz \u00f6nemliydi. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler ege\u00admen s\u0131n\u0131f ideolojisinin alt\u0131ndaki ger\u00e7e\u011fi, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ger\u00e7e\u011fini kapitalizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fc\u00adcadele ederek ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Chris Harman’\u0131n tarifledi\u011fi gibi, i\u015f\u00e7iler “Burjuva ideolojisini \u00e7o\u011fu zaman kabul eder. Fakat m\u00fccadele g\u00f6zlerindeki perdeyi kald\u0131\u00adr\u0131r ve toplumun zenginli\u011fini kendilerinin \u00fcretti\u011fini farkederler. S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u00ad\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya ba\u015flar ve kapitalizmin ger\u00e7ek karakterini g\u00f6r\u00fcrler.<\/em>“15<\/sup><\/p>\n
Bu s\u00fcrecin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Obama’dan beklentilerin sonucu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. O\u00adbama \u0130\u015fgal Et eylemcileri taraf\u0131ndan hissedilen ve ortaya konulan “\u00f6fkeyi” pay\u00adla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dillendirdi fakat bu s\u00f6ylem Obama h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin s\u0131radan Amerikal\u0131lar pa\u00adhas\u0131na krizi yaratanlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fini de\u011fi\u015ftiremezdi. \u00dc\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131r banka ve \u015firketlere yap\u0131lan yard\u0131mlar, JP Morgan Chase ve alt gelir mortgage pa\u00adzar\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olan Goldman Sachs’\u0131n y\u00f6neticilerinin primlerinin korunmas\u0131 milyonlar\u0131 k\u0131zd\u0131rd\u0131. Kas\u0131m 2011’de oy verenlerin y\u00fczde 60’\u0131 Obama’n\u0131n ekono\u00admik idaresini onaylamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi (kay\u0131tlardaki en y\u00fcksek oran). Obama’y\u0131 destekleyenlerin oran\u0131 ise yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczde 43 idi.<\/p>\n
“Wall Street’i \u0130\u015fgal Et” eylemlerini yay\u0131mlayan Adbusters dergisinden Kal- le Lasn 2008’de krizin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 ve Lehmann Brothers’\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kmesinin neden bir m\u00fccadeleye yol a\u00e7mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine r\u00f6portaj\u0131nda eylemcilerin umutlar\u0131 ve ihanete u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131ndaki ruh hallerini ifade ediyor:<\/p>\n
Finansal kriz ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finde insanlarda “\u0130\u015fler de\u011fi\u015fecek. Obama baz\u0131 ka\u00adnunlar ge\u00e7irecek, farkl\u0131 bir banka sistemimiz olacak ve bizler bu finansal sahte\u00adkarlar\u0131 adalet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karaca\u011f\u0131z.” \u015feklinde bir hissiyat vard\u0131. Di\u011fer genel e\u011filim de \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: “Hey i\u015fte tam da bunlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilecek bir adama oy ver\u00addik”. Bir bak\u0131ma \u015fu anki umutsuzluk yoktu. Gen\u00e7 insanlar \u00e7ok pozitifti. Ve son\u00adra yava\u015f yava\u015f Obama’n\u0131n korkak oldu\u011fu fikri olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve \u015fimdi yeniden umutsuzuz.”16<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Obama’ya oy veren hareket bu umutsuzlukla birlikte Kas\u0131m 2010 se\u00e7imle\u00adrinde g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131, Obama’n\u0131n farkl\u0131 bir sistem \u00fcretememesi Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilere ve \u00c7ay Partisi sa\u011f\u0131na alan a\u00e7t\u0131. Zenginlerle, bankalarla, tasarruf \u00f6nlemlerini zorlayan \u00c7ay Partisi politikac\u0131lar\u0131yla g\u00f6z g\u00f6re g\u00f6re ayn\u0131 safta yer alan Demokratik bir y\u00f6\u00adnetimin bu ikiz d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131, baz\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerde ve eylemcilerde krizin etkilerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u00adman\u0131n tek yolu bireysel eylemdir hissinin artmas\u0131na sebep oldu. Bu his giderek b\u00fcy\u00fcmektedir. Mark Weisbrot’un s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi:<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkan Obama’y\u0131 se\u00e7en, ufak katk\u0131lar yapan ve g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan rekor say\u0131da insan\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir kitle hareketiydi. Fakat bizler “inand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fimi” g\u00f6r\u00admedik. OWS (Wall Street’i \u0130\u015fgal Et [Occupy Wall Street]) dalgas\u0131 haklar\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131lanlar\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fck politik sistemimize politik katk\u0131 verme \u015fans\u0131 olma\u00adyan, yani sesini duyuramayan n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 99’undan fazlas\u0131n\u0131n hareketidir. On\u00adlar Amerika’n\u0131n vicdan\u0131, en b\u00fcy\u00fck umududur.”17<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
H\u00fck\u00fcmetteki “entelekt\u00fcel” egemen s\u0131n\u0131fa serbest piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131 uygulama\u00ads\u0131n\u0131n alan\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7an Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilerin ve \u00c7ay Partisi’nin bankalar\u0131 kurtarma poli\u00adtikalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6fkeyle birlikte h\u00fck\u00fcmet kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 g\u00fcndem art\u0131k ABD’de Wall Street’i ve Washington’u ku\u015fatan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 kurumlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelmektedir ve bu iki g\u00fc\u00e7 aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc alternatif talepler \u00fcretmektedir. Finansal i\u015flemlere, kamusal i\u015flere vergi talebi, e\u011fitimdeki ve hizmetlerdeki kesintilere kar\u015f\u0131 duru\u015f serbest piyasan\u0131n \u00f6nceliklerini ve serbest piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u00adratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahribat\u0131 reddetmelerinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Bu toplumsal g\u00fc\u00e7ler ara\u00ads\u0131ndaki ba\u011f ve talepler, ABD’de kitle bilincinin niteliksel bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme i\u00e7erisinde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
M\u00fccadeleleri Birle\u015ftirmek<\/h5>\n
ABD politikas\u0131n\u0131n dengesini de\u011fi\u015ftiren i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 eylemlili\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6neme sa\u00adhiptir. Wisconsin’de \u015eubat ay\u0131nda patlak veren ve 100,000 ki\u015filik g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc miting\u00adlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen kitle eylemleri ve birka\u00e7 hafta s\u00fcren h\u00fck\u00fcmet binas\u0131 i\u015fgali kolektif toplant\u0131larla ve tart\u0131\u015fmalarla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015f ve Scott Walker’\u0131n \u00f6nerdi\u011fi kesintilere ve sendikal hak sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dayan\u0131\u015fma a\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Madison m\u00fccadelesi kaybedilmi\u015f ve tasarruf plan\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konmu\u015f da olsa, m\u00fcca\u00addelenin kendisi i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 tekrar g\u00fcndeme getirmi\u015ftir. Son aylarda Wisconsin’de g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, kendili\u011findenlik ve \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7 ABD toplumunda pop\u00fc\u00adlist sa\u011f\u0131n bir alternatifinin var oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fgal Et hareketi ayn\u0131 alandan b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc ve bu yeni hareket i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n da dik\u00adkatini \u00e7ekmeyi ba\u015fararak i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki g\u00fcvenin artmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Y\u00fczde 99’un talepleri sendika websitelerinde ve afi\u015flerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Ekim sonun\u00adda yay\u0131mlanan bir AFL-CIO bildirisi sendikalar\u0131n \u0130\u015fgal Et mesaj\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fczde 99’un \u00fcyelerle i\u015fverenlerle ve oy verenlerle ili\u015fkilerinde, e\u015fitsizlikle ilgili olarak kullan\u00admas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine dair bir \u00f6neride bulundu. Stuart Appelbaum, Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Sendikas\u0131 ba\u015fkan\u0131 New York Times’da “\u0130\u015fgal Et hareketi sendikalar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi<\/em>” diyor ve \u015f\u00f6yle devam ediyor “Art\u0131k bildirilerinde, taleple\u00adrinde ve eylemlerinde daha \u00f6fkeli sendikalar g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Sokaklarda \u0130\u015fgal Et ha\u00adreketinin enerjisiyle ba\u011f kurmak isteyen daha fazla sendika g\u00f6receksiniz<\/em>.”18<\/sup><\/p>\n
Dahas\u0131 bu g\u00fcven ve yeni eylem metodlar\u0131 somut zaferler de kazand\u0131rd\u0131. Ka\u00ads\u0131m ay\u0131nda Ohio’da sendikalar ve Cincinnati \u0130\u015fgal Et eylemcileri sendika kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir senato \u00f6nergesini geri \u00e7ektirmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131 ve toplu s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin ve grev hak\u00adk\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu kampanyay\u0131 y\u00f6neten Cumhuriyet\u00e7i John Kasich’in a\u00ad\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgi almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. \u0130\u015fgal Et hareketi eylemcilerinden biri bu zaferi \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor:<\/p>\n
Biz Ohio’yuz (The We Are Ohio) koalisyonu ulusal sendikalar\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131mla\u00adr\u0131 da dahil 30 milyon dolar harcad\u0131. Sadece National Education Association (U\u00adlusal E\u011fitim Derne\u011fi) 10 milyon dolar verdi, Ohio \u00f6\u011fretmen sendikas\u0131 kampanyaya yard\u0131m i\u00e7in ekstra aidat toplad\u0131. \u00dcyeler kap\u0131 kap\u0131 dola\u015farak veya te\u00adlefonla bu m\u00fccadeleyi kazand\u0131. AFSCME’nin (American Federation of State, Co- unty and Municipal Employees) binlerce \u00fcyesi, \u00f6\u011fretmen sendikas\u0131, itfaiyeciler ve daha bir \u00e7ok kamu ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 bu kampanya i\u00e7in saatlerini harcad\u0131.!<\/sup>9<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Oakland 2 Kas\u0131m eylemleri liman\u0131 kapatt\u0131 ve liman i\u015f\u00e7ileriyle ve di\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7i\u00adlerle dayan\u0131\u015ft\u0131.12 Aral\u0131k’ta da \u0130\u015fgal Et aktivistleri ve i\u015f\u00e7iler liman i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin EGT (uluslar aras\u0131 bir tah\u0131l ihracat \u015firketi) ile olan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve Teamsters’in Goldman Sach ile m\u00fccadelesi sebebiyle Bat\u0131 Yakas\u0131 limanlar\u0131n\u0131 kapatmay\u0131 planl\u0131yor. Bu ablukan\u0131n amac\u0131 Oakland’\u0131 \u0130\u015fgal Et Bat\u0131 Yakas\u0131 Liman\u0131 Ablukas\u0131n\u0131n da a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 gibi \u0130\u015fgal Et hareketinin devlet bask\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesini i\u015f\u00e7ilerin egemen s\u0131n\u0131fa kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesiyle birle\u015ftirmektir.<\/p>\n
Bizler limanlar\u0131 i\u015fgal ediyoruz \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u00fczde 1 ‘in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na ve sendikalara sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yay\u0131z. Los Angeles’te liman kamyoncular\u0131 i\u015ften at\u0131l\u0131yor, li\u00adman i\u015f\u00e7isi sendikas\u0131n\u0131n (ILWU) Longviwe, Washington’da EGT taraf\u0131ndan ili\u015fi\u00ad\u011fi kesiliyor. EGT 2,5 milyon dolarl\u0131k kar oran\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve Arjantin ile Brazilya’da yoksul insanlar\u0131 ekonomik olarak daha da yoksulla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinen Bunge Ltd \u015fir\u00adketini de b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. SSA Goldman Sach’\u0131n \u015firketidir ve liman kamyoncular\u0131n\u0131 insani olmayan ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmakta ve inan\u0131lmaz bir s\u00f6m\u00fc\u00adr\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektedir. EGT ve Goldman Sachs Waterfront’taki Wall Street’tir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda bizler \u0130\u015fgal Et hareketinin kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fu sistematik sald\u0131r\u0131\u00addan dolay\u0131 da bu eylemi yap\u0131yoruz. Polis \u015fiddetine cevap olarak bu eylemi yap\u0131\u00adyoruz. Bu abluka bizim y\u00fczde 1’e verdi\u011fimiz cevapt\u0131r.20<\/sup><\/p>\n
New York’ta 1 Aral\u0131k’ta New York Labor Council (New York Emek Kon\u00adseyi) taraf\u0131ndan organize edilen g\u00f6steriye 20,000 ki\u015fi kat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 “\u00fclkedeki b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ekonomik e\u015fitsizli\u011fe \u00f6fkeli ve endi\u015feli” herkesin soka\u011fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p se\u00e7ilmi\u015f yetkililerden sorumluluk talep etmesi gerekti\u011fi s\u00f6ylemiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i\u00adlerin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, e\u011fitimcilerden elektrik i\u015f\u00e7ilerine kadar, Kas\u0131m’daki eylemden \u00e7ok daha fazlayd\u0131. Ve e\u015fitsizli\u011fi g\u00f6stermek de son derece kolayd\u0131; New York’ta Oba\u00adma tekrar se\u00e7ilmesi i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan fon sa\u011flama kampanyas\u0131 bilet ba\u015f\u0131na 35,000 do\u00adlara yani ortalama bir Amerikal\u0131’n\u0131n y\u0131ll\u0131k gelirinden daha fazla paraya yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
California’daki, New York’taki ve di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerdeki sendikalar \u0130\u015fgal Et ha\u00adreketini desteklemek i\u00e7in hep \u00f6n s\u0131ralarda oldu ve pratik bir \u00e7ok katk\u0131da bulundu; du\u015flar, yiyecek ve sa\u011fl\u0131k yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 sendikalar temin etti. Antikapitalist hareket ile i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kurumsal yap\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki bu dayan\u0131\u015fma ve b\u00f6ylesi bir destek ger\u00ad\u00e7ek bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faret ediyor ve heyecan verici olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yor. Fakat ABD’deki olumlu geli\u015fmelere vurgu yapmak hareketin a\u015fmak durumunda kalaca\u011f\u0131 zorluklar\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsemek anlam\u0131na gelmemektedir. Uzun vadede sendika \u00fcyeliklerinin azalmas\u0131 b\u00f6ylesi zorluklardan biridir. Sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131 ge\u00e7en y\u0131\u00adla g\u00f6re y\u00fczde 12.3 oran\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ve \u015fu an y\u00fczde 11.9’dad\u0131r. Ge\u00e7en on y\u0131l\u00adda yaln\u0131zca 17 grev oldu, bu say\u0131 1970 ve 1981 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 269’du. 2010’da 1000′ den fazla i\u015f\u00e7inin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla yaln\u0131zca 11 i\u015f durdurma eylemi oldu. Bu kay\u0131t\u00adlardaki 2009’dan sonraki ikinci en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck say\u0131d\u0131r. 2009’da be\u015f i\u015f durdurma, 1947’de kay\u0131tlar tutulmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan beri g\u00f6r\u00fclen en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck rekordu.21 <\/sup>2011 ‘deki grevler \u015fimdiye kadar y\u00fcksek gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor fakat bu eylemlerin i\u015fve\u00adrenlere kar\u015f\u0131 daha b\u00fcy\u00fck ve etkili organize eylemlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeyece\u011fini zaman g\u00f6sterecek. Dahas\u0131, ABD sendika liderleri tarihsel olarak pasif ve muha\u00adfazakar olmu\u015ftur ve baz\u0131 durumlarda y\u00fczde 1 ‘le ayn\u0131 yerde durmaktad\u0131r. Labor Notes’da yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, sendika yetkililerinin kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131ll\u0131k 100,000 dolar “ge\u00ad\u00e7en y\u0131l\u0131n kay\u0131tlar\u0131na g\u00f6re 2000-2008 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7e katland\u0131 ve 150,000 do\u00adlardan fazla kazanan sendika yetkililerinin geliri de \u00fc\u00e7e katland\u0131. 150,000 dolardan fazla kazanan bu sendika liderlikleri y\u00fczde 5’lik en zengin dilime girdi. S\u0131radan bir sendika \u00fcyesi ise 2008’de y\u0131ll\u0131k 48,000 dolar kazand\u0131, ortalama ABD geliri ise 40,000 dolard\u0131.”22<\/sup> Bir \u00e7ok durumda sendika liderleri \u0130\u015fgal Et hareketi\u00adnin kendili\u011finden geli\u015fen demokrasisine kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7liydi. \u00d6rne\u011fin ILWU \u00fcyele\u00adrinin bir \u00e7o\u011fu Bat\u0131 Yakas\u0131 liman\u0131n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 taraftar\u0131 oldu\u011fu halde ILWU’nun resmi pozisyonu protestoya kat\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce kendi demokratik s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin i\u015fle\u00admesi gerekti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde oldu.<\/p>\n
Sendikala\u015fma oranlar\u0131 g\u00fcneyde ve bat\u0131da sendikala\u015fman\u0131n var olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00ad\u00e7e\u011fini maskelemektedir. Kriz de i\u015fverenlere olas\u0131 bir grev durumunda t\u00fcm i\u015f g\u00fc\u00adc\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirebilme olana\u011f\u0131 verdi. \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezlerinde, hastanelerde, et \u00fcr\u00fcnleri end\u00fcstrisinde ve Walmart zincirindeki milyonlar sendikal\u0131 de\u011fil ve liderlikler bu b\u00f6lgelerde kendilerini tan\u0131tma ve \u00fcyelik kampanyas\u0131 yapma konusunda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 de\u011fil. Fakat \u0130\u015fgal Et hareketi dinamizmi ve \u00f6fkesiyle sendikal\u0131 olmayan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin dikkatini \u00e7ekmeyi ba\u015far\u0131yor. Denver’i \u0130\u015fgal Et bildirgesinde bu durum \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131k\u00adlanmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n
Biz her i\u015fgal et \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinin yerel Wallmart merkezini i\u015fgal etmesi \u00e7a\u011f\u00adr\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131yoruz. G\u00f6zlerimiz Wallmart’\u0131n \u00fczerinde; sendika kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 tutumlar\u0131nda, \u00f6r\u00adg\u00fctl\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131nda, adaletsizliklerinde, d\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131 dolduran k\u00f6le eme\u011fi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerindedir. Bu deh\u015fet y\u00fczde 1 ‘lik kesim ve ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmeti aras\u0131ndaki i\u015fbir\u00adli\u011fiyle g\u00fc\u00e7lenmektedir. Bu deh\u015fet \u015firketler aras\u0131ndaki r\u00fc\u015fvetlerle, vergi kredileriy\u00adle ve bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131 s\u00f6ylemleriyle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Walmart k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kesimin kar\u0131 u\u011fruna b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyay\u0131 metala\u015ft\u0131rmakta ve k\u00f6lele\u015ftirmektedir.23<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Hareketin a\u015fmas\u0131 gereken di\u011fer bir zorluk ise baz\u0131 \u0130\u015fgal Et eylemcilerinin sendikalara g\u00fcvenmiyor olu\u015fudur. Bu durum bir yandan otonomi iste\u011fini ve sen\u00addikalara kurumsal olarak g\u00fcvenmeme hissini, di\u011fer yandan da sendika liderlikle\u00adrinin ve MoveOn.org gibi gruplar\u0131n hareketi Demokratlar\u0131n se\u00e7im kampanyas\u0131na eklemleme \u00e7abas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 durmay\u0131 temsil etmektedir. Washington DC’deki bir aktivistin a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi: “MoveOn \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Hareketi se\u00e7imlere kadar evcil hayvana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcp sonra da n\u00f6tralize etmek istiyor. Bizim sahip oldu\u011fumuz mo- mentum ya da kitle deste\u011fi onlarda yok.<\/em>” Ba\u015fka bir s\u00f6ylem de Tea Party hareke\u00adtiyle paralelliklerin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7iziyor: “Tea Parti bizim tam da ka\u00e7\u0131nmak istedi\u011fimiz hareket. Bizler Demokrat Parti’nin i\u00e7ine s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmeyece\u011fiz<\/em>.”24<\/sup> ABD toplumsal hareketleri ile Demokrat Parti aras\u0131ndaki oy ili\u015fkisi, sivil haklardan sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 harekete kadar bu durumun ciddi bir tehlike oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Fakat ha\u00adreketin b\u00f6ylesi manip\u00fclasyonlara kar\u015f\u0131 direnci ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme is\u00adte\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda i\u015f\u00e7ilerle daha derin ve geni\u015f ili\u015fkiler kurmas\u0131na ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin de muhafazakar etkiye ve liderliklerinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in hareketin hayal g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ve enerjisini kullanmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fgallerin daha b\u00fcy\u00fck ve acil sorunu ise polis bask\u0131s\u0131 ve kamplar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lma- s\u0131d\u0131r. California Davis \u00dcniversitesi’nde \u00fcniversite polisinin \u00f6\u011frencilerin y\u00fcz\u00fcne biber gaz\u0131 s\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler bu polis vah\u015fetini g\u00f6steren en bilinen foto\u011fraflard\u0131r. Fakat bu, harekete kar\u015f\u0131 Obama’n\u0131n kabul etmedi\u011fi devlet sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Bu olaydan sonra, 10,000 \u00f6\u011frenci UC Davis’te \u00fcniversitede polis istemedikleri talebiyle eylem yapt\u0131 ve polis eylemcileri durdurmada ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 ola\u00admad\u0131. Glen Green Wald’\u0131n yak\u0131n zamanda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi:<\/p>\n
Meydan okuma, cesaret ve bilin\u00e7 bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r… Uzun zamand\u0131r ilk defa, dev\u00adletin g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanmas\u0131 bekledi\u011fi sonucu elde edemiyor, yani aktivizmi engelleye\u00admiyor hatta aksine eylemleri te\u015fvik ediyor. Bu protestolara kar\u015f\u0131 devletin reaksiyonu g\u00fcc\u00fcn k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u015feklinde ve panzehiri de: ne kabul ne de to- lore ediyoruz.25<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Fakat hareketin devlet bask\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 direnmeye devam etme g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 deste\u011fe ve aralar\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine de ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu ili\u015fki kitle demokrasisini savunmak i\u00e7in hem i\u015f yerlerinde hem sokak\u00adlarda politik direni\u015fi b\u00fcy\u00fctecektir.<\/p>\n
Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc durumun b\u00fct\u00fcn problemlerine ra\u011fmen, bu hareketin yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ile eylemcilerin insiyatifini i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesinde birle\u015ftirebilme potansiyeli var\u00add\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 hareketin merkezine koyarak tamamen ba\u015fka bir sistem alterna\u00adtifini ortaya koyma ve bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te yeni bir sol politika yaratma potansiyeli vard\u0131r. Durum b\u00f6yleyken bu hareket uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r ABD’de g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f en \u00f6nemli po\u00adlitik geli\u015fmedir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7eviren: \u00d6zlem Gitmez<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n
Bu makalenin orijinali 9 Ocak 2012 tarihinde International Socialism Journal’da http:\/\/www.isj.org.uk\/index.php4?id=775&issue=133 yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n
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Notlar<\/h4>\n
1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ABD politikas\u0131n\u0131n son 12 aydaki inan\u0131lmaz de\u011fi\u015fiminin bir g\u00f6stergesi de Time dergisinin “Y\u0131l\u0131n Ki\u015fisi” oylamas\u0131nda kazanan\u0131n “Eylemci” olmas\u0131d\u0131r. www.time.com\/time\/person-of-the-year\/2011\/<\/p>\n
2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Frank, 2012, s.167<\/p>\n
3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trudell, 2011<\/p>\n
4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Weisbrot, 2011<\/p>\n
5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trudell, 2010<\/p>\n
6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Congressional Budget Office, 2011<\/p>\n
7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mishel and Shierholz, 2010.<\/p>\n
8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Costello, 2011<\/p>\n
9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/motherjones.com\/mojo\/2011\/10\/one-percent-income-inequality-OWS<\/p>\n
10\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 www.guardian.co.uk\/news\/datablog\/2011\/nov\/03\/us-poverty-poorest<\/p>\n
11\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 www.guardian.co.uk\/business\/economics-blog\/2011\/nov\/04\/true-picture-us-unemployment<\/p>\n
12\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 www.economist.com\/blogs\/dailychart\/2011\/09\/us-household-income<\/p>\n
13\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 wearethe99percent.tumblr.com<\/p>\n
14\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Le Blanc, 1999, s. 108<\/p>\n
15\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daha fazlas\u0131 i\u00e7in Harman, 1988 ve Le Blanc, 1999.<\/p>\n
16\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Harman, 1982<\/p>\n
17\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Eifling, 2011<\/p>\n
18\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Weisbrot, 2011<\/p>\n
19\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Greenhouse, 2011<\/p>\n
20\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 La Botz, 2011<\/p>\n
21\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/westcoastportshutdown.org\/content\/press-release-support-grows-west-coast-port-shut- down<\/p>\n
22\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yoshikane, 2011<\/p>\n
23\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Smith, 2011<\/p>\n
24\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/westcoastportshutdown.org\/content\/1212-occupy-denver-walmart-port-shutdown-action<\/p>\n
25\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Whelan, 2011<\/p>\n
26\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Greenwald, 2011<\/p>\n
 <\/p>\n
Referanslar:<\/h4>\n
Congressional Budget Office, 2011, “Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007” (October),http:\/\/cbo.gov\/fpdocs\/124xx\/doc12485\/10-25-HouseholdIncome.pdf Costello, Daniel, 2011, “The Drought Is Over (at Least for CEOs)”, New York Times (9 Ap- ril),www.nytimes.com\/2011\/04\/10\/business\/10comp .html<\/p>\n
Mishel, Lawrence, andHeidi Shierholz, 2010, “RecessionHits Workers’ Paychecks”, Economic Po- licy Institute Briefng Paper277 (August), www.epi.org\/page\/-\/pdf\/bp277.pdf Eifling, Sam, 2011, “The Magazine Editor Who Launched the Occupy Movement on ‘Soft Regi- me Change’ in America”, Minyanville website (3 November), www.minyanville.com\/businessmar- kets\/articles\/kalle-lasn-adbusters-kalle-lasn-occupy\/11\/3\/2011\/id\/37709<\/p>\n
Frank, Thomas, 2012, Pity the Billionaire: The Hard Times Swindle and the Unlikely Comeback of the Right (Random House).<\/p>\n
Greenhouse, Steven, 2011, “Occupy Movement Inspires Unions to Embrace Bold Tactics”, New York Times (8 November),www.nytimes.com\/2011\/11\/09\/business\/occupy-movement-inspires-unions-to-embrace-bold-tactics.html<\/p>\n
Greenwald, Glenn, “The Roots of the UC-Davis Pepper-Spraying”, Salon.com (20 November),www.salon.com\/2011\/11\/20\/the_roots_of_the_uc_davis_pepper_spraying\/<\/p>\n
Harman, Chris, 1983, “Philosophy and Revolution”, International Socialism 21 (autumn), www.marxists.org\/archive\/harman\/1983\/xx\/phil-rev.html<\/p>\n
Harman, Chris, 1988, The Fire Last Time: 1968 and Affter(Bookmarks).<\/p>\n
La Botz, Dan, 2011, “Can Ohio Unions’ Rebuke To Republicans Be Sustained?”, Labor Notes (22 November), http:\/\/labomotes.org\/2011\/11\/can-ohio-iunions-rebuke-republicans-be-sustained Le Blanc, Paul, 1999, A Short History of the US Working Class(Humanity). Smith, Sharon, 2011, “The Future in the Present: Marxism, Unions and the Class Struggle”, Inter\u00adnational Socialist Review178 (July-August).<\/p>\n
Trudell, Megan, 2010, “From a Bang to a Whimper: Obama’s First Year”, International Socialism 125 (winter), www.isj.org.uk\/?id=608<\/p>\n
Trudell, Megan, 2011, “Mad as Hatters? The Tea Party Movement in the US”, International Soci\u00adalism 129 (winter),www.isj.org.uk\/?id=698<\/p>\n
Weisbrot, Mark, 2011, “The Occupy Wall Street Movement: The Real Moral Majority”, CEPR website (1 December),www.cepr.net\/index.php\/op-eds-&-columns\/op-eds-&-columns\/protesters- reflect-vast-majority-on-99-percent-of-most-major-issues<\/p>\n
Whelan, Aubrey, 2011, “Occupy DC wary of beinghijackedby unions, Democratic activists”, Was\u00adhington Examiner (1December),http:\/\/washingtonexaminer.com\/local\/dc\/2011\/12\/occupy-dc-wary- being-hijacked-unions-democratic-activists\/1967056<\/p>\n
Yoshikane, Akito, 2011, “Quiet on the Labor Front: 2010 Strikes and Lockouts Were Second Lo- west on Record”, In These Times (9 February)<\/p>\n
 <\/p>\n
Geri d\u00f6n<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Megan Trudell 2011 Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda New York’ta ba\u015flayan ve h\u0131zla \u00fclke geneline yay\u0131lan \u0130\u015f\u00adgal Et eylemleri ABD’deki de\u011fi\u015fen politik atmosferi yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r.1 Obama’n\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesinden ve Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilerin ciddi yenilgisinden yaln\u0131zca iki sene […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-344","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/344","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=344"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/344\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":359,"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/344\/revisions\/359"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marx-21.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=344"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}